湘江流域综合治理对策探讨

本文在分析湘江流域综合治理面临的机遇与挑战基础上,设计搭建四个平台和构建四大体系的综合治理方案,并进一步提出若干保障措施.     

优化太湖流域水环境监测管理成效分析

采集2007～2012年江苏省太湖流域省、市环境监测工作统计数据,尝试从环境管理创新效能、监测点位与项目、环境质量报告、资金人员投入、国家下拨财政资金乘数效应等指标,对优化监测管理工作带来的成效进行评估。结果表明,引导环境管理有效预警率增加5.8倍,为2.6亿元流域资源补偿资金提供了测算依据,国控断面占全国总数下降7.0%,地方监测的河流断面数量增长48%,流域水质评价考核项目扩展至《地表水环境质量标准》全部水质项目,而国家和省级财政资金乘数效应显著增长则反映出地方政府积极加大了对水环境监测预警的资金投入。     

构建中国跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的法律思考研究——基于跨流域调水水权转让的动态视角

跨流域调水的生态补偿成为实现公平的方式已为越来越多的国家和地区所接受。而当前中国的跨流域调水的生态补偿是国家和政府主导型的,然而单靠国家和政府的力量是有限的。市场是资源优化配置的最佳选择,因此,引入市场机制对跨流域调水进行生态补偿,是十分有效的。通过对跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的介绍来引出构建中国今后跨流域调水生态补偿法律关系的三要素是本文的主要内容。     

水生植物对漓江流域水环境的影响

漓江水生植物能从水环境中吸收营养组分氮、磷,防止水环境富营养化;与水生藻类竞争,抑制其生长发育;还能与部分重金属络合,降低其环境毒性。对漓江的水环境有重要作用。     

“十二五”辽河流域沈阳段污染治理对策初探

在研究分析“十二五”期间辽河流域沈阳段污染治理工作面临形势的基础上,总结了目前存在的主要问题,并有针对性地提出了解决对策。     

柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐分布特征及影响因素分析

以秦皇岛柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐为研究对象,在地下水污染源调查的基础上,于2014年7月丰水期、2015年4月枯水期共采取浅层地下水样215组.基于变异函数模型和Arc GIS地统计模块,分析了浅层地下水中硝酸盐含量时空分布特征,并利用因子分析方法探讨了硝酸盐污染成因.结果表明,无论丰水期还是枯水期,研究区东南部均为硝酸盐主要污染区域,含量达30~120 mg·L~(-1),但枯水期硝酸盐污染面积约为丰水期的1.4倍;硝酸盐空间分布受人类活动和地质条件影响显著,其次为Eh、DO、p H和地形地貌条件.北部浅层地下水硝酸盐含量小于20 mg·L~(-1);中部主要来源于人类活动及农业种植中氮肥的流失,局部污染较严重;南部受隔水边界阻隔作用,表现为硝酸盐累积效应,污染严重.     

汾河上中游流域水环境中多环芳烃分布及分配

通过测定汾河上中游流域13个点位丰水期和枯水期水体、表层沉积物中PAHs浓度,分析其分布特征及影响因素.结果表明:汾河上中游流域丰水期和枯水期水中PAHs的平均浓度分别为0.365μg·L~(-1)和0.835μg·L~(-1),枯水期PAHs总体高于丰水期;丰水期和枯水期沉积物中PAHs平均浓度分别为1444μg·kg~(-1)和2407μg·kg~(-1),枯水期PAHs总体高于丰水期;水和沉积物中PAHs的组成主要是2~4环,但沉积物中高环PAHs组成显著高于水中;丰水期和枯水期中游段(寨上到南关)水体和沉积物中PAHs浓度整体均高于上游段(雷鸣寺到汾河水库).丰水期和枯水期沉积相-水相分配系数K_p值分别为642~32345 L·kg~(-1)和671~44929 L·kg~(-1),且随PAHs环数变大K_p值增大;丰水期和枯水期沉积相-水相实测的有机碳归一化分配系数(lgK_(oc))总体高于预测值上限;丰水期和枯水期lgK_(oc)与lgK_(ow)均呈较好的相关性,可决系数(R~2)分别为0.764、0.725,枯水期斜率大于丰水期斜率,枯水期较丰水期沉积物吸附的PAHs更多.K_p值与有机碳/COD_(Cr)比值K_(od)呈正相关,可决系数(R~2)分别为0.625和0.728,丰水期和枯水期PAHs K_p值受沉积物中有机碳含量和水中COD_(Cr)含量的影响.     

韦伯-费希纳定律在区域生态环境质量评价中的应用

文章利用韦伯-费希纳定律建立区域生态环境评价的新模型,并通过实例研究了区域生态环境质量状况,即巢湖流域总体以及分区巢湖市、六安市的生态环境质量为Ⅵ级、分区合肥市为Ⅲ级。与未确知测度评价方法进行比较,取得了满意的结果,实例应用表明:该评价模型结构严谨,评价结果合理,为区域生态环境质量评价提供了一种简单而适用的评价方法。     

Improved Bankfull Channel Geometry Prediction Using Two‐Year Return‐Period Discharge1

He, Laien and Gregory V. Wilkerson, 2011. Improved Bankfull Channel Geometry Prediction Using Two‐Year Return‐Period Discharge. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1298–1316. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00567.x Abstract:  Bankfull discharge (Q_bf) and bankfull channel geometry (i.e., width, W_bf; mean depth, D_bf; and cross‐section area, A_bf) are important design parameters in stream restoration, habitat creation, mined land reclamation, and related projects. The selection of values for these parameters is facilitated by regional curves (regression models in which Q_bf, W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf are predicted as a function of drainage area, A_da). This paper explores the potential for the two‐year return‐period discharge (Q₂) to improve predictions of W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf. Improved predictions are expected because Q₂ estimates integrate the effects of basin drainage area, climate, and geology. For conducting this study, 29 datasets (each representing one hydrologic region) spanning 14 states in the United States were analyzed. We assessed the utility of using Q₂ by comparing statistical measures of regression model performance (e.g., coefficient of determination and Akaike’s information criterion). Compared to using A_da, Q₂ is shown to be a “clearly superior” predictor of W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf, respectively, for 21, 13, and 25% of the datasets. By contrast, A_da yielded a clearly superior model for predicting W_bf, D_bf, and A_bf, respectively, for 0, 0, and 14% of the datasets. Our conclusion is that it alongside with developing conventional regional curves using A_da it is prudent to develop regional curves that use Q₂ as an independent variable because in some cases the resulting model will be superior.     

Modeled Sources,Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States1

Anning, David W., 2011. Modeled Sources, Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1087‐1109. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00579.x Abstract: Information on important source areas for dissolved solids in streams of the southwestern United States, the relative share of deliveries of dissolved solids to streams from natural and human sources, and the potential for salt accumulation in soil or groundwater was developed using a SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes model. Predicted area‐normalized reach‐catchment delivery rates of dissolved solids to streams ranged from <10 (kg/year)/km² for catchments with little or no natural or human‐related solute sources in them to 563,000 (kg/year)/km² for catchments that were almost entirely cultivated land. For the region as a whole, geologic units contributed 44% of the dissolved‐solids deliveries to streams and the remaining 56% of the deliveries came from the release of solutes through irrigation of cultivated and pasture lands, which comprise only 2.5% of the land area. Dissolved‐solids accumulation is manifested as precipitated salts in the soil or underlying sediments, and (or) dissolved salts in soil‐pore or sediment‐pore water, or groundwater, and therefore represents a potential for aquifer contamination. Accumulation rates were <10,000 (kg/year)/km² for many hydrologic accounting units (large river basins), but were more than 40,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Middle Gila, Lower Gila‐Agua Fria, Lower Gila, Lower Bear, Great Salt Lake accounting units, and 247,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Salton Sea accounting unit.