石羊河流域地下水循环的同位素和地球化学演化特征

石羊河流域是我国水资源开发程度最高的内陆河流域之一,是干旱区典型的水资源脆弱带,其生态环境问题日益严重,因此,研究石羊河流域地下水循环和地球化学演化规律具有重要意义.本研究从祁连山顶到红崖山水库沿径流剖面采集水样,对降水、地表水和地下水的水化学及同位素δ18O、δD进行分析,以揭示地下水的补给、径流和排泄规律.结果表明,地下水径流系统在向下游输送的过程中不断接受河流的渗漏补给和农田灌溉入渗补给,通过河床溢流、人工开采的形式排泄,盆地平原区地下水以垂向运动为主.盆地下游是地下水的主要排泄区,盆地北端地下水随基底抬升而上升溢出,转化为地表水排出.流域地下水从上游到下游矿化度逐渐升高,溶解性总固体(TDS)值在131 ～1750mg·L-1之间;水化学类型从HCO3--SO42--Ca2+-Mg2+型逐渐转化为SO42--HCO3-Mg2+-Ca2+型,呈现明显的分带特征.     

daNUbs: Lessons learned for nutrient management in the Danube Basin and its relation to Black Sea euthrophication

The results of the daNUbs-project deliver a basis for a proper management of nutrients in the Danube Basin. The understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of nutrients in the Basin and their effects on the Western ad North-Western Black Sea (WBS) ecosystem has been improved. Quantitative models on the emission of nutrients, their transport along the rivers, and their impact on the WBS have been further developed and combined. Phosphorus loads discharged by the Danube are 30-50% lower than in the 1980s (dissolved P even to a higher extent). Nitrogen emissions have decreased considerably as well. The lower nutrient discharges from the Danube have led to a significant improvement in the WBS ecosystem. Current low discharges of N and P to the WBS are the result of (1) improved nutrient removal from waste water in Germany, Austria, and Czech Republic, (2) reduced P-discharges from detergents and (3) the consequences of the economic crisis in central and eastern European countries following the political changes of 1989/1990. As the decrease is partly due to the economic breakdown in the formerly communist countries, economic development in these countries has to go along with proper nutrient management. Otherwise, the situation in the WBS ecosystem will deteriorate again.     

A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM PROCEDURE TO QUANTIFY DRAINAGE-BASIN CHARACTERISTICS1

ABSTRACT: The Basin Characteristics System (BCS) has been developed to quantify characteristics of a drainage basin. The first of four main BCS processing steps creates four geographic information system (GIS) digital maps representing the drainage divide, the drainage network, elevation contours, and the basin length. The drainage divide and basin length are manually digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic maps. The drainage network is extracted using GIS software from 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data. The elevation contours are generated using GIS software from 1:250,000-scale digital elevation model data. The second and third steps use software developed to assign attributes to specific features in three of the four digital maps and analyze the four maps to quantify 24 morphometric basin characteristics. The fourth step quantifies two climatic characteristics from digitized State maps of precipitation data. Compared to manual methods of measurement, the BCS provides a reduction in the time required to quantify the 26 basin characteristics. Comparison tests indicate the BCS measurements are not significantly different from manual topographic-map measurements for 11 of 12 primary drainage-basin characteristics. Tests indicate the BCS significantly underestimates basin slope. Comparison-measurement differences for basin slope, main channel slope, and basin relief appear to be due to limitations in the digital elevation model data.     

四川盆地柑桔秋季地膜覆盖效果初报

柑桔是典型的热带常绿阔叶果树。四川盆地的“暖冬”气候条件,为柑桔越冬避冻提供了良好的生态环境;但是四川盆地夏季积温相对偏少,特别是秋季阴霾寡照、气温偏低、秋雨过多的天气,导致四川盆地柑桔成熟度偏低、食味偏酸、品质下降。为了提高四川柑桔的市场竞争能力,作者在盆中浅丘区做了柑桔秋季地膜覆盖试验。结果表明,柑桔非生理落果减少,平均增产5%～32.6%,成熟期提前4～11天,果实含糖量提高2.6%～23.9%,酸度下降1%～19.8%,品质、风味均有所改善。     

Understanding the impact of climate change on the dwindling water resources of South Africa,focusing mainly on Olifants River basin: A review

In this paper, consideration has focused mainly on the extent and usefulness of the existing literature available so far on the understanding of the impact of climate change on water resources in Africa, focusing mainly on the Olifants River basin in South Africa. Here, the existing literature on the impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle (particularly the hydrological processes like temperature, precipitation and runoff) has been reviewed. The uncertainties, constraints and limitations in climate change research have been discussed at great length. A detailed discussion has been highlighted on the remaining knowledge gaps in climate change research, especially in Africa. In addition to the research gaps highlighted here, the emphasis on the need of climate change research by African scientists is included as part of lessons learnt. Overall, the importance of conducting further research in climate change, understanding the potential impact of climate change on our lives, and taking actions to effectively meet the adaptation needs of the people, emerge as an important theme in this review.     

乌江流域环境经济发展初探

从乌江流域环境结构特征，流域环境治理的调控，流域经济发展制约因子及解决途径，流域的发展与主估等几个方面进行了扼要探讨，提出了有关产业结构调整及经济发展的科学意见。     

江西锦江流域抗生素污染特征与生态风险评价

利用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法,测定分析了江西省锦江流域地表水、地下水、生活污水和养殖废水中8种磺胺类、9种喹诺酮类、4种四环素类、4种大环内酯类和2种硝基咪唑类共27种抗生素的浓度和分布特征.结果表明,锦江流域水体存在抗生素的污染,地表水中共检出20种抗生素,浓度范围为32.3~280 ng·L^-1.地下水中检出15种抗生素,浓度范围为28.4~55.8 ng·L^-1.废水中检出21种抗生素,浓度范围为231~8.71×10⁴ ng·L^-1.与国内外河流湖泊中8种常见抗生素浓度进行对比表明,锦江流域污染程度处于中等水平.对比国内外地下水中磺胺甲唑浓度可知,锦江流域地下水中磺胺甲唑污染程度中等偏下.与国内外养殖厂废水中3种抗生素浓度对比可知,锦江流域养殖废水中磺胺嘧啶的污染程度较高.生态风险评价结果表明,研究区中高风险抗生素有9种,分别是克拉霉素、红霉素、环丙沙星、磺胺噻唑、罗红霉素、四环素、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星和磺胺甲唑,其余为低风险或无风险.     

流域主体功能优化与黄河水资源再分配

立足流域主体功能优化概念内涵,系统性解析流域各类主体功能目标,基于流域主体功能评价指标体系建立以主体功能优化为目标导向的流域主体功能水资源分配机制,通过遗传算法求解多目标优化模型得到2017年黄河流域9省、自治区的四类水资源分配方案。研究结果表明：（1）流域主体功能实现水资源分配机制,使黄河流域最大可能节水23.01亿m³。（2）流域主体功能水资源分配机制给黄河流域主体功能实现分别带来4344.48亿元的生产功能增量、991.35亿元的生态功能价值增量,可多承载8194.84万人口。（3）减少宁夏和山东的农业用水及内蒙古工业用水分配对黄河流域水资源优化分配至关重要。     

黄河流域城市群与产业转型发展

黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展是国家重大战略之一。城市群和产业转型发展是实现黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的内在要求和根本保障,揭示流域尺度城市群发展与产业转型升级的路径对指导黄河流域高质量发展意义重大。为此,本文聚焦“城市群和产业转型发展”,联合来自中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所、中国社会科学院生态文明研究所、黄河水利科学研究院、首都经济贸易大学、北京大学、河南大学等单位的专家学者,从生态保护、资源配置、动态演化、空间结构、整合调控等视角,探讨黄河流域城市群与产业转型发展的重要议题,以求服务于黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的国家重大战略实施。核心观点如下：识别水资源、城市群和产业发展的关系是促进产业转型和城市转型协同、经济转型和社会转型并进的关键;分析流域生态保护和高质量发展复杂耦合与动力演化机制对于实现流域高质量发展意义重大;揭示黄河流域典型城市群和产业空间演变机理,构建城市群与产业转型发展空间一体化目标与模式,是促进黄河流域的高质量发展的有效途径;在全球化和能源革命导致贸易不确定性增加、社会经济与生态环境关系复杂、“双循环”的新发展格局构建背景下,黄河流域“城市群和产业转型发展”亟需更全面的整合调控机制。     

黑龙江省穆棱河流域鱼类物种多样性研究

2015年5月、7月及10月对穆棱河流域的鱼类种类和分布进行了野外调查,设置鱼类采样点28个.确定穆棱河水域共有鱼类46种,隶属于5目11科,其中鲤形目,有31种,占鱼类总种数的68.89%;其次是鲑形目,含有5种;鲶形目和鲈形目均含4种;而七鳃鳗目仅含一种.穆棱河流域的全年平均综合污染指数、鱼类物种多样性指数Shannon-Wiener、Pielou均匀度指数及Margalef丰富度指数分别为I=1.10、H'=1.97、J'=0.36、D=1.16.穆棱河水质全年整体呈现中污或重污.典范对应分析结果表明,三个季节影响鱼类物种的水环境因子各不相同,春季pH值、COD_Mn、DO、Fe³⁺、TN、ORP;夏季Fe³⁺、ORP、TN、pH值、TD;秋季WT、NO₂^--N、COND、NO₃^--N.