小江流域生态环境灾害与治理对策

小江流域生态环境长期受到严重破坏,引发并加剧了生态环境灾害,使其成为长江流域环境最恶劣、侵蚀最强烈、灾害最严重、输沙率最大的河流.大量的泥沙输入小江,造成严重的土地沙石化和堵江灾害.同时,小江又将泥沙输移至金沙江,危害和威胁金沙江干流水利水电梯级开发工程建设和运行安全.鉴于泥石流已成为该流域生态环境和灾害间恶性循环的关键环节,提出了从泥石流治理入手,控制泥石流灾害和泥沙输移,在恢复生态系统功能和治理灾害的同时,发展生态产业的综合治理对策,使生态环境与减轻灾害间形成良性循环,并促进生态环境建设与区域经济的协调发展.     

渭河谷地的气候干暖化与未来趋势

根据渭河谷地代表测站３２ａ气象实测资料,应用线性回归与趋势分析方法,分析了该区冬春变暖、秋春变干的干暖特征,即５城市平均年增温０．００６４℃,年均减少降水０．１２４８ｍｍ;气候干暖化,尤其以冬春季增温明显,春秋季变干显著,预测该地区未来５ａ的气候仍以士暖化为特点,预计到２００１ａ可能增温０．２℃,年降水减少３０ｍｍ。     

鄂西清江流域发展生态旅游的探讨

本文从鄂西清江流域旅游资源的生态旅游潜力分析入手,概括了该流域生态旅游资源的类型,提出了在小流域范围内发展生态旅游的意见,为当地有关部门开展生态旅游提供了参考性依据,有利于实现该流域旅游景观资源的可持续利用     

GIS支持下的河网密度提取及其在洪水危险性分析中的应用

流域结构特征包含着丰富的洪水危险性信息。本文主要分析流域结构特征的一个重要指标－河网密度与洪水危险性之间的关系,并重点探讨了GIS支持下的河网密度自动提取方法,最后给出了辽河流域的实例分析。     

川中丘陵地区人工桤柏混交林演替过程中有机碳储量变化——以四川省盐亭县为例

川中丘陵地区从20世纪70年代起开始大规模营造人工桤柏混交林,使该区土地利用发生明显变化。在估算人工桤柏混交林不同生长阶段生物量和NPP（净初级生产力）的基础上,探讨了人工桤柏混交林生长过程中年固定有机碳数量以及林地植被有机碳密度的动态变化,并将同期人工桤柏混交林林地植被与农田植被年固定有机碳数量和有机碳密度进行比较。结果表明,该区人工桤柏混交林林地植被早期年固定有机碳的数量比较小,需要到7～8 a树龄,其年固定有机碳数量才与同期耕地植被年固定有机碳数量相当。随着树龄的增加,人工桤柏混交林的植被有机碳密度上升较快,碳汇效应不断增强。3～4 a以上树龄的人工桤柏混交林植被有机碳密度大于同期农田植被的有机碳密度,成熟林（20 a树龄）林地植被有机碳密度是同期农田植被有机碳密度的5倍多。从改善生态环境和减少碳排放的角度看,该区林地合理利用的措施主要包括加强现有人工桤柏混交林的保护和管理,抓好林木的贮存式管理,积极研究和探索人工桤柏混交林改造和合理利用对策等     

Conceptual classification model for Sustainable Flood Retention Basins

The aim of this paper is to recommend a rapid conceptual classification model for Sustainable Flood Retention Basins (SFRB) used to control runoff in a temperate climate. An SFRB is an aesthetically pleasing retention basin predominantly used for flood protection adhering to sustainable drainage and best management practices. The classification model was developed on the basis of a database of 141 SFRB using the River Rhine catchment in Baden (part of Baden-Württemberg, Germany) as a case study. It is based on an agglomerative cluster analysis and is intended to be used by engineers and scientists to adequately classify the following different types of SFRB: Hydraulic Flood Retention Basin, Traditional Flood Retention Basin, Sustainable Flood Retention Wetland, Aesthetic Flood Retention Wetland, Integrated Flood Retention Wetland and Natural Flood Retention Wetland. The selection of classification variables was supported by a principal component analysis. The identification of SFRB in the data set was based on a Ward cluster analysis of 34 weighted classification variables. Scoring tables were defined to enable the assignment of the six SFRB definitions to retention basins in the data set. The efficiency of these tables was based on a scoring system which gave the conceptual model for the example case study sites an overall efficiency of approximately 60% (as opposed to 17% by chance). This conceptual classification model should be utilized to improve communication by providing definitions for SFRB types. The classification definitions are likely to be applicable for other regions with both temperate oceanic and temperate continental climates.     

Reducing Streamflow Forecast Uncertainty: Application and Qualitative Assessment of the Upper Klamath River Basin,Oregon1

Abstract: The accuracy of streamflow forecasts depends on the uncertainty associated with future weather and the accuracy of the hydrologic model that is used to produce the forecasts. We present a method for streamflow forecasting where hydrologic model parameters are selected based on the climate state. Parameter sets for a hydrologic model are conditioned on an atmospheric pressure index defined using mean November through February (NDJF) 700‐hectoPascal geopotential heights over northwestern North America [Pressure Index from Geopotential heights (PIG)]. The hydrologic model is applied in the Sprague River basin (SRB), a snowmelt‐dominated basin located in the Upper Klamath basin in Oregon. In the SRB, the majority of streamflow occurs during March through May (MAM). Water years (WYs) 1980‐2004 were divided into three groups based on their respective PIG values (high, medium, and low PIG). Low (high) PIG years tend to have higher (lower) than average MAM streamflow. Four parameter sets were calibrated for the SRB, each using a different set of WYs. The initial set used WYs 1995‐2004 and the remaining three used WYs defined as high‐, medium‐, and low‐PIG years. Two sets of March, April, and May streamflow volume forecasts were made using Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP). The first set of ESP simulations used the initial parameter set. Because the PIG is defined using NDJF pressure heights, forecasts starting in March can be made using the PIG parameter set that corresponds with the year being forecasted. The second set of ESP simulations used the parameter set associated with the given PIG year. Comparison of the ESP sets indicates that more accuracy and less variability in volume forecasts may be possible when the ESP is conditioned using the PIG. This is especially true during the high‐PIG years (low‐flow years).     

乌江流域梯级水库入出库河流中总汞和甲基汞的时空分布

2006年1~12月,每月采集乌江流域梯级水库入出库河流水样,用两次金汞齐-冷原子荧光光谱法和蒸馏-乙基化结合GC CVAFS法测定了水中总汞和甲基汞的浓度。结果表明：（1）入出库河流中总汞年均加权浓度分别为317和 2.34 ng/L,甲基汞为014和 0.18 ng/L。（2）不同水库入出库河流中总汞和甲基汞的时空分布特征不同,位于上游第一级的普定和洪家渡水库入库河流中总汞有明显的季节变化趋势,且显著低于出库河流;而甲基汞的季节变化在出库河流中较为明显,而且库龄大的普定、东风、乌江渡水库出库河流中甲基汞浓度显著高于入库河流。（3）相关分析发现水库入库河流中总汞、甲基汞浓度主要受悬浮颗粒物的影响,而与水量间的相关性因水库所处位置的不同而有差异,上游的普定和洪家渡水库中呈显著正相关,其它水库中呈负相关。     

潜在泥石流的界定与判识——以金沙江流域溪洛渡库区为例

选择在建的溪洛渡库区作为研究区域,通过详细的野外考察,确定金沙江流域溪洛渡库区干流共有现代活动泥石流沟57条。利用Matlab构建SOM神经网络模型,依据这57条泥石流样本,选择流域面积、主沟长度、相对高差、沟床比降、平均坡度、相对切割程度、圆状率和侵蚀程度等8个指标,对干流46条沟谷进行预测。预测结果分为：①非泥石流沟有19条,分布在雷波-永善三角台地上;②低危险潜在泥石流沟有14条,分布在库区尾端;③高危险潜在泥石流沟有13条,分布于库区中间位置。预测结果可以为库区生态修复和工程治理提供依据。     

近50年湘江流域干湿气候变化若干特点

采用M-K突变、小波分析、空间变异系数、经验正交函数分解法（EOF）和旋转经验正交函数分解法（REOF）等方法,对近48年来湘江流域40个测站干湿指数（Z指数）进行了分析。研究表明：湘江流域1960年代前期和1980年代为干旱期,1990年代为湿润期。1980年代末有向湿润转变趋势,2003年后又开始向干旱转变。湘江流域干湿的年际变化较小,降水相对稳定,存在3年、6年和10年和21年4个特征时间尺度,且未来几年湘江流域将仍处于干旱期。湘江流域干湿变化具有很好的主体一致性,依据空间异常类型可分为南部、中部、北部和西南部4个区域。