太湖流域水污染实质与集成化流域管理

本文分析了太湖流域面源性水环境污染问题及其治理机制 ,在此基础上指出面源污染的深层原因是传统粗放型经济增长方式 ;生活方式的过物质化、城乡二元结构及城乡空间布局的不合理等社会经济运行机制的不可持续性 ,并对建立适应面源污染的综合性、集成化和流域性的水环境管理体制提出了突破性的改革思路     

三种综合气象干旱指数在洞庭湖流域的适用性分析

结合洞庭湖流域水文气象特点,从不合理跳跃点、统计特征、区域干旱以及空间分布等方面综合分析了3种气象干旱指数在该流域的适用性及可靠性。评价结果表明：（1）NCC2CI与CInew指数均可较好解决传统CI指数评估中出现的不合理震荡、旱情加剧等不足,且该指数对长历时干旱表现较为敏感,对短历时干旱存在漏测的可能性;（2）对具有较大烈度特征的干旱事件,NCC2CI指数虽然能较好地监测出等级较高的干旱强度,但对极端干旱强度的特征表征有所不足;（3）干旱NCC2CI指数较好地延续了传统CI指数的统计特性以及空间分布特性,反映出的某时段较大降水对日后的影响时段为20~40 d,指数表征更加符合干旱发生的过程。而CInew指数反映的影响时段为45~70 d,且在空间分布上变化较大,应用可靠性相对较差。综合比较分析表明,NCC2CI指数在洞庭湖流域更具实用性,研究结果对其它类似流域干旱评估具有一定参考作用     

Investigation on the effectiveness of pretreatment in stormwater management technologies

The effectiveness of presettling basins as component of stormwater best management practice （BMP） technologies was investigated. Storm event monitoring and sediment collection were conducted from May 2009 to November 2012 on the presettling basins of the three BMP technologies designed to capture and treat stormwater runoff from highly impervious roads and parking lots. Data on captured runoff and sediment, total suspended solids （TSS） loadings, rainfall and runoff rate, sediment accumulation rate, as well as particle distribution and pollutant concentrations of sediment were gathered and analyzed along with the physical design characteristics of the presettling basins such as surface area and storage volume. Regression models were generated to determine significant relationships between design parameters. Results revealed that the storage volume ratio （ratio of storage volume of presettling basin to BMP） was an important parameter in designing the presettling basin of the BMP. For practicality, optimizing the design of the presetfling basin means that the storage volume ratio should be determined based on the desired captured amount of runoff and sediment from runoff to limit the frequency of maintenance caused by the accumulation of sediment. It was recommended that pretreatment of runoff should be employed when the site in which the BMP is to be sited has high TSS loading and runoff rate, and is subjected to high intensity rainfall.     

程海流域生态系统服务功能价值评估

以程海流域为研究对象,依据已有研究经验利用市场价值法、替代花费法、碳税法和造林成本法、成果参照法对程海流域生态系统服务功能价值进行评估。结果表明,程海流域总的生态系统服务功能价值为39.26亿元／a,其中,涵养水源价值最高,占总服务价值的32.0％,第二位是净化水体价值（占28％）,第三位是调节气候价值（占16％）,第四位是社会文化功能价值（占13％）,其次分别是：生物资源价值、科教旅游价值、生物栖息地价值和提供水资源价值。     

WebGIS 与Mashup 在黑河流域信息化平台构建中的应用

随着eScience 的发展,大量的科研信息化。如何综合应用共享的信息资源,再次产生新的科研成果,为科研问题的解决提供决策支持,是信息化研究需解决的问题。本文设计了基于信息聚合与WebGIS 技术支持的黑河流域信息化平台,主要通过Mashup 与WebGIS 技术搭建该信息化平台,重点研究科研信息的聚合应用。基于WebGIS 与信息聚合的黑河流域信息化平台,能够实现黑河流域空间信息的聚合共享,以更直观快捷的方式实现科研信息化,数据与应用服务的共享与交换,使科研成果服务于大众,便于数据的共享与互操作,形成多学科交叉的新组织模式和协作环境。以地下水、土壤等数据的信息聚合应用为案例,基于ArcGIS 云平台,通过WebGIS 技术实现数据资源信息的聚合共享应用。     

Bankfull Regional Curves for the Alleghany Plateau/Valley and Ridge,Piedmont, and Coastal Plain Regions of Maryland

Regional curves are empirical relationships that can help identify the bankfull stage in ungaged watersheds and aid in designing the riffle dimension in stream restoration projects. Bankfull regional curves were developed from gage stations with drainage areas less than 102 mi² (264.2 km²) for the Alleghany Plateau/Valley and Ridge (AP/VR), Piedmont, and Coastal Plain regions of Maryland. The AP/VR regions were combined into one region for this project. These curves relate bankfull discharge, cross‐sectional area, width, and mean depth to drainage area within the same hydro‐physiographic region (region with similar rainfall/runoff relationship). The bankfull discharge curve for the Coastal Plain region was further subdivided into the Western Coastal Plain (WCP) and Eastern Coastal Plain (ECP) region due to differences in topography and runoff. Results show that the Maryland Piedmont yields the highest bankfull discharge rate per unit drainage area, followed by the AP/VR, WCP, and ECP. Likewise, the Coastal Plain and AP/VR streams have less bankfull cross‐sectional area per unit drainage area than the Piedmont. The average bankfull discharge return interval across the three hydro‐physiographic regions was 1.4 years. The Maryland regional curves were compared to other curves in the eastern United States. The average bankfull discharge return interval for the other studies ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 years.     

泾河流域1644-2003年洪涝灾害和洪水沉积特征研究

通过对泾河流域1644-2003年洪涝灾害历史文献资料的搜集、整理和分析,对该时期泾河流域洪涝灾害等级、洪涝灾害时空变化特征及其成因进行研究。同时结合泾河下游洪水沉积剖面,对该时期洪水特征进行分析。研究表明:泾河流域1644-2003年发生洪涝灾害总计165次,平均每2.18年发生一次。主要以中度涝灾为主,其次为大涝灾,轻度涝灾和特大涝灾发生次数较少。1644-2003年,泾河流域的洪涝灾害总体呈现不断增加的特点,泾河流域洪涝灾害发生频次最高的是在1894-1953年,发生频次最低的是在1644-1723年。泾河流域发生的165次洪涝灾害中,上游发生的洪涝灾害最多,其次为下游,中游最少,上、中、下游同时发生的洪涝灾害为4级特大涝灾。不同阶段气候的冷暖干湿变化和人类活动对泾河流域植被的破坏是泾河流域发生洪涝灾害的主要原因。1644-2003年的洪涝灾害在泾河下游形成了2.56 m厚的河漫滩洪水沉积剖面,该剖面沉积层主要由特大涝灾、部分大涝灾和中度涝灾形成,剖面记录的洪水频次比历史文献记录的洪水频次要明显少。     

牡丹江流域污染源分析及治理对策研究

为全面落实水污染防治行动计划和最严格水资源管理制度,开展了牡丹江流域重要污染源调查分析.2015年,牡丹江流域共排放废水10 407万吨,COD排放26 040吨,NH3-N排放3 662吨,生活源是主要的排放源;流域内林口县污染源数量最多,海林县废水排放量、化学需氧量排放量最多;污染源主要分布在牡丹江干流,达到119个,海浪河和乌斯浑河各分布13个和36个.在污染源分析基础上,指出了流域存在的主要问题,并以"流域水质改善"为核心目标,提出了松花江流域污染治理建议.     

流域水环境累积风险评估研究

流域水环境累积风险属于多层次、多准则的复合系统问题,具有一定的模糊和突变特性,在可持续发展的要求下,对流域进行水环境风险综合评估与防控十分必要.建立基于16项底层指标的流域水环境累积风险评估综合指标体系,将突变理论应用于表达和计算累积环境风险,可以形成系统完整的流域水环境累积风险评估研究方法.以流溪河流域为例,通过分区计算分析流域水环境累积风险形势,得出流溪河流域上游水环境累积风险水平较低,流域中游和下游均有较高的水环境累积风险.     

Participatory research and sustainable development in the Sahelo-Sudanian region

SUMMARY

A participatory research programme was conducted in the groundnut basin of Senegal, where there was a need to intensify the local farming systems. The research yielded a set of technical references and profitable innovations, which were introduced through specific development actions. The technology transfer aims at the establishment of sustainable farming systems and takes into account the climatic risks and innovation costs. Identification of research themes and implementation of results was based on various analyses: climatic analysis at regional level (establishment of climatic zones) and identification of constraints at farm level. Farmers' interests and the research results were combined to define suitable interventions for each surveyed farm, with the aim of increasing farm income and restoring soil fertility. The research also yielded elements for formulating an appropriate and realistic agricultural policy for the region. Clearly, the development of livestock farming activities is essential in bringing new economic life into the region and increasing the sustainability of farming systems in erratic climatic conditions.