INSTITUTIONAL OPTIONS FOR THE COLORADO RIVER1

ABSTRACT: In many interstate river basins, the institutional arrangements for the governance and management of the shared water resource are not adequately designed to effectively address the many political, legal, social, and economic issues that arise when the demands on the resource exceed the available supplies. Even under normal hydrologic conditions, this problem is frequently seen in the Colorado River Basin. During severe sustained drought, it is likely that the deficiencies of the existing arrangements would present a formidable barrier to an effective drought response, interfering with efforts to quickly and efficiently conserve and reallocate available supplies to support a variety of critical needs. In the United States, several types of regional arrangements are seen for the administration of interstate water resources. These arrangements include compact commissions, interstate councils, basin interagency committees, interagency-interstate commissions, federal-interstate compact commissions, federal regional agencies, and the single federal administrator. Of these options, the federal-interstate compact commission is the most appropriate arrangement for correcting the current deficiencies of the Colorado River institution, under all hydrologic conditions.     

Soluble Mineral Content in Surficial Alluvium and Associated Mancos Shale1

ABSTRACT: The Mancos Shale area of the Upper Colorado River basin produces large quantities of solutes. In order to develop an understanding of the mechanism of salt production and to determine the source of salinity, a study of the soluble mineral content (SMC) of Mancos Shale and associated alluvium was undertaken. SMC is highly variable in alluvium and associated surficial Mancos Shale. However, lithomorphological units can be identified in terms of their SMC. Results from this study demonstrate that crusts are leached in deep alluvial fills and they contain somewhat less soluble minerals than underlying Mancos Shale on hillslopes. The crusts are saline, sometimes efflorescent, in shale bedrock channels or where channels abutt against the shale. SMC increases in alluvium with decrease in depth of alluvial fill, does not vary significantly with depth in deep of alluvial fills, and increases with depth in shallow ones.     

南水北调中线工程对汉江流域疾病流行的影响

本文在分析湖北省局部地区自然疫源变化及疾病趋势的基础上,指出了南水北调中线工程可能对地氟病、血吸虫、疟疫、乙脑及其它水源性疾病所带来的影响,并提出了建设性的建议和对策。     

SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF NORTHWEST FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Of the 1,700 streams located in the state of Florida, the northwest area contains approximately 1,000 streams and three of the five largest rivers, namely the Apalachicola, the Choctawhatchee, and the Escambia. This 11,200 square-mile area contains 11 drainage basins and receives an average annual rainfall which ranges from 53 inches in the east to 67 inches in the west. Basin water yields range from a high of 3,376 cfs (2,180 mgd) to a low of 672 cfs (434 mgd). Individual basin outflows range from a high of 25,743 cfs (16,630 mgd) to a low of 844 cfs (545 mgd). Approximately 67 percent of the total northwest Florida basin outflows to the Gulf of Mexico, or 36,805 cfs (23,766 mgd), are received in the form of surface water inflows from Alabama and Georgia. In the absence of any interstate mechanism for water management between Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, the basin outflow estimates presented in this paper depend greatly on the upstream usage in the neighboring states. The establishment of a tri-state water management program could eliminate the uncertainty involved in predicting water availability in northwest Florida and ensure sufficient quantities of flows in the streams.     

四川盆地降水酸化范围及发展趋势予测

本文通过对四川盆地内二氧化硫排放源的统计调查分类、建立一种简便而较实用的数学模式,计算盆地内现阶段降水酸化范围及预测其发展趋势。结果表明:在现阶段,盆地内降水酸化面积达到10万km~2,重酸化区为3.2万km~2,预计到2000年时,降水酸化区将超过15万km~2,重酸化区也将达6万km~2以上。     

干旱区地表石油污染物风蚀作用大气传输量估算研究

通过焉耆盆地石油开发区石油污染物水环境污染途径特点的分析 ,认为落地油将通过风蚀作用由大气传输以降尘的形式落入水体 ,对水环境产生影响。本文以土壤侵蚀的风洞实验求得污染源源强 ,采用高斯模式对地表风蚀作用的传输量进行估算 ,进而对石油开发区落地油通过大气传输途径对区域水环境 (博斯腾湖 )的影响进行了预测 ,建立了相应的模型。为人们了解干旱区石油污染物风蚀作用水环境污染影响提供了初步依据 ,对干旱区湖泊石油污染的全面防治提供了科学范式     

太湖流域湖泊滩地资源及其开发利用

在调查和分析太湖流域湖泊滩地资源特征和开发利用状况的基础上,着重探讨了滩地围垦对流域生态环境的影响,并提出今后开发利用滩地资源的方向和对策。     

贵州水城盆地人类活动及其地质环境效应

由于强烈的人类活动：过量开采地下水、工业三废和城市生活垃圾的任意排放以及其它一些工农业活动，贵州水城盆地岩溶环境问题十分突出，如地下水严重污染、岩溶塌陷、水土流失、土地石漠化以及频繁的旱涝灾害。通过分析水城盆地主要人类活动，评价其负面地质环境效应，为规划岩溶区土地利用、指导人类行为提供决策依据。     

岩溶流域地表水和地下水硝酸盐来源定量识别

选取岩溶地区花溪河流域典型农业区为研究对象,运用δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-,δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-H₂O同位素示踪技术和水化学分析方法,阐明了研究区地表水和地下水中硝酸盐的分布特征,并揭示其来源和形成过程,基于R语言下运行的贝叶斯模型（stable isotope analysis in R）,对研究区水体中各种硝酸盐来源的贡献比例进行了定量识别.结果显示：受碳酸岩盐风化的控制,流域内地表水和地下水的水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,硝酸盐在研究区水体中的空间分布特征受土地利用类型影响明显;在研究区水体硝酸盐形成过程中,硝化作用起主导作用,水体中的硝酸盐来源主要有化肥、降雨中的氨盐、土壤有机氮、粪便和污水,与地表水相比,地下水中硝酸盐受粪便和污水的影响较大;基于SIAR源解析模型分析,大气沉降、化肥、土壤有机氮和粪便污水对研究区地表水硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为3.97%、26.87%、36.80%和32.37%,对地下水硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为2.83%、13.96%、21.03%和62.18%.     

四川安宁河流域水化学特征及物源探讨

安宁河河谷地区是四川省第二大粮仓,区内人口较多、矿业发达。查明流域水化学特征及物质来源,对于探讨地质背景与人为活动对河流水化学特征的影响具有重要意义。研究显示,安宁河河水整体偏弱碱性,pH均值为8.18,TDS值高于世界河流平均值。河水中阳离子浓度平均值顺序为Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺,阴离子浓度平均值顺序为HCO₃^- > Cl^- > SO₄^2- > NO₃^-。空间上,自上游至下游,安宁河河水的TDS值和阴阳离子含量呈整体上升的趋势,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-浓度波动较大。控制流域水化学特征的主要因素是硅酸盐岩的风化,其次是碳酸盐岩的风化。流域内的NO₃^-主要来源于农业活动和土壤有机氮,矿业活动对安宁河河水中SO₄^2-浓度的影响较大,人为活动对安宁河流域水化学的影响不可忽视。