滇池流域水环境承载力及其动态变化特征研究

为了定量分析人口增长、经济发展、资源短缺和环境污染等因素对流域水环境的综合影响,建立了湖泊水环境承载力多目标优化模型.同时,选取人口、灌溉面积、国民生产总值(GDP)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)作为水资源和水质量承载力指标,运用层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标对湖区水环境承载力的权重,并运用指标体系评价法分别计算了2003—2010年滇池流域水环境承载力.结果表明,流域内人口承载度超标,经济承载压力显著增长,富营养化指标——TP、TN呈高负荷波动状态.滇池流域水环境承载力为负承载,水质量承载力影响程度更大.研究结果可为滇池流域的社会经济发展规划、生态环境保护和水资源可持续利用提供科学依据.     

北运河系地表水近10年来水质变化及影响因素分析

北运河系为北京市区最重要的排水系统,其水质优劣对城市环境及下游地区有着重要影响,通过2001～2010年间地表水的监测数据、水资源量的统计数据、社会经济的统计数据以及污水处理厂的监测数据来分析影响北运河系水质的原因.结果表明,北运河各排水支流水质均较差,主要污染指标为耗氧型有机污染物及NH4+-N等,丰水期水质好于枯水期,凉水河、温榆河、通惠河等支流的水质严重影响着北运河的水质;北运河系各河段水质在2006年后出现好转,但2006～2010年之间污染指标浓度稳定在Ⅴ类标准以上,水质的进一步改善变得困难;经济的发展、人口的增加对北京市水环境造成了巨大的压力,是造成水质难以彻底改善的主要原因之一;缺少生态补水是河系水质较差的主要原因,降水可以缓解污染,却与地表水径流造成的非点源污染形成矛盾,但对北运河来说,降水仍起到了稀释作用;污水处理率的提高改善了水质,但进一步的水质改善还需要提高污水处理效率,尤其是郊区污水处理率.     

太湖流域内河船舶污染负荷估算

对船舶生活垃圾和船舶机舱含油废水这两种典型船舶污染源展开实地调查,统计分析得到太湖流域船舶生活垃圾产生量和船舶油废水产生量,给出了船舶生活垃圾、含油废水和石油类产生量计算模式,构建了分段船舶污染负荷计算模式。成功应用于苏南运河现状船舶污染源强计算,为船舶污染防治工作提供科学依据。     

造纸废水污染物对辽河水质的影响分析

介绍了辽河流域造纸废水污染的历史概况和治理现状,通过对造纸企业停产整顿前后河流水质变化的对比分析,论证了辽河流域造纸废水入河污染物对河流水质的显著影响。并进一步探讨了造纸废水污染的防治对策。     

Problems of Syrdarya river basin management

Prior to independence, Central Asian countries were closely interconnected through the regional management incorporating water, energy, and food sectors. This approach, supported by the central government of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), functioned effectively — meeting the needs of both upstream and downstream countries. However, after independence, Central Asian countries started prioritizing their own economic development policies without due account to regional concerns such as joint use of water resources, leading to instability. In this study, the case of Syrdarya basin was investigated to show how such strategies create tension in the region, since primary focus is given to national interests, without consideration for regional problems. To address this issue, an integrated approach to incorporating water, energy, and agriculture is needed. It is suggested that a single sector approach on water alone does not lead to stability, and a multi-sectoral approach is necessary to ensure sustainable development. Countries sharing benefits from the river have to be responsible for costs of operation and maintenance of the water facilities.     

青海湖流域及周边地区浅层地温对全球变化的响应

利用青海湖流域及周边8 个气象站1961~2007 年的0~20 cm 浅层地温资料,采用气候倾 向率等气候统计学分析方法,对青海湖流域及周边地区近47 a 来年、季平均地温的变化趋势及气 候突变进行了研究。结果表明,区域内0、5、10、15 和20 cm 浅层地温均呈现升高的趋势,升幅分别 为0.30~0.60℃·(10a)^-1、0.22~0.51℃·(10a)^-1、0.28~0.58℃·(10a)^-1、0.30~0.59℃·(10a)^-1 和0.32~0.59℃ ·(10a)^-1;近47 a 来四季平均浅层地温整体均呈现升高趋势,升幅为0.35~0.52℃·(10a)^-1,以冬季 升幅最小,春季和夏季升幅最大,平均浅层地温升温幅度有增大的趋势;绝大部分站点的年、季 平均浅层地温均呈现显著的升高趋势,升幅接近甚至高于同时期的平均气温增温幅度;年平均浅 层地温除都兰站在20 世纪60~80 年代呈现出波动性的升高趋势以外,其它各站点均呈逐年代升 高的趋势,20 世纪60 和70 年代的平均浅层地温明显偏低,80 年代相对正常,90 年代偏高,进 入21 世纪初后,各站的平均浅层地温均偏高0.6℃以上;天峻、都兰和海晏的年、季平均地温均 没有发生突变,其它各站浅层年、季平均地温的突变时间绝大部分站点都发生在El Niňo 年或La Niňa 年,说明青海湖流域及周边地区浅层地温的变化受ENSO 事件的影响比较明显。     

人工湿地在辽河流域面源污染治理中的应用

针对辽河流域特定的气候条件并结合自身研究成果,从人工湿地类型的选择、湿地植物在去除氮磷中的作用、人工湿地对废水水质和水量的要求等方面对人工湿地进行了综述。通过对国外人工湿地治理面源污染的实际工程以及辽河流域已经开展的人工湿地治理工程的分析,说明人工湿地是一种有效缓解辽河流域面源污染的技术手段。     

基于排污权交易制度的流域水质管理体系研究

计划经济体制下行政和命令式的流域管理模式缺乏相应的利益调节和经济激励,因此难以适应市场经济体制下对水质资源管理的新需求。排污权交易制度作为一种新的治理流域污染的市场手段比政府行政管制手段具有更大的优势,它将市场机制充分地运用于环境资源的配置,在总量控制的前提下,通过排污权的交易,实现低成本治理污染,保护水质。从排污权立法、许可的最初分配和排污交易等方面建立排污权交易制度模式,为流域水质管理提供有益的思路。     

洮儿河流域农业生态地质环境研究

系统分析了吉林西部洮儿河流域的农业生态地质环境特征,揭示了流域内影响农业可持续发展的五大农业生态地质环境问题;按照地质、地貌、自然资源状况、生态环境灾害、环境质量等综合要素对流域进行了环境分区;最后论述了流域内农业生态地质环境的演化过程和影响因素。     

From meso- to macro-scale dynamic water quality modelling for the assessment of land use change scenarios

The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive requires reliable tools to predict the water quality situations in streams caused by planned land use changes at the scale of large regional river basins. This paper presents the results of modelling the in-stream nitrogen load and concentration within the macro-scale basin of the Saale river (24,167 km²) using a semi-distributed process-based ecohydrological dynamic model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model). The simulated load and concentration at the last gauge of the basin show that SWIM is capable to provide a satisfactory result for a large basin. The uncertainty analysis indicates the importance of realistic input data for agricultural management, and that the calibration of parameters can compensate the uncertainty in the input data to a certain extent. A hypothesis about the distributed nutrient retention parameters for macro-scale basins was tested aimed in improvement of the simulation results at the intermediate gauges and the outlet. To verify the hypothesis, the retention parameters were firstly proved to have a reasonable representation of the denitrification conditions in six meso-scale catchments. The area of the Saale region was classified depending on denitrification conditions in soil and groundwater into three classes (poor, neutral and good), and the distributed parameters were applied. However, the hypothesis about the usefulness of distributed retention parameters for macro-scale basins was not confirmed. Since the agricultural management is different in the sub-regions of the Saale basin, land use change scenarios were evaluated for two meso-scale subbasins of the Saale. The scenario results show that the optimal agricultural land use and management are essential for the reduction in nutrient load and improvement of water quality to meet the objectives of the European Water Framework Directive and in view of the regional development plans for future.