基于DEA模型的太湖流域企业污水治理效率

运用数据包络分析DEA方法,建立了太湖殷村港流域工业园区企业污水治理效率评价体系,并利用该体系对园区内企业污水治理效率进行了实证研究。利用效率评价函数对园区内20家企业进行评价,结果表明,其中4家企业达到环境治理效率相对高效;20家企业的废水排放量、COD和NH3-N排放削减总量分别为3691860、217．53和14．64t／a,削减潜力较大。实证研究结果表明,该环境绩效评价系统可为园区企业污水治理调控提出定量化的调整建议。     

Effect of injection timing,injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of a compression ignition engine operated on non-edible oil methyl esters from different sources

Increasing cost of fossil fuels, environmental threats from exhaust emissions and their depleting nature have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. This study investigates the suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME), honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) to four-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel injection timing (IT), fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and HOME in the modified CI engine. IT was varied from 19° to 27° before top dead centre (bTDC) in steps of 4° bTDC; IOP was varied from 205 to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of three to five holes, each of 0.3 mm size, were selected for the study. It was concluded that a retarded IT of 19° bTDC increased IOP of 230 bar, and four-hole nozzle injector of 0.3 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide smoke emissions for the fuels tested.     

政府强互惠激励下跨界流域一级水权分散优化配置模型

我国跨界流域水资源冲突问题较严重,一级水权集中配置方案因其过于理想化而实施效率低下,难以应对冲突。提出应在规划和决策的前期给予各类主体充分的利益表达机会,创新一级水权配置模式,构建政府强互惠激励政策协调下的多用水主体分散优化配置模型。首先将分散优化与集中优化进行对比,分析政府强互惠激励下的分散优化协调机制对提高跨界流域水资源的配置效率和配置方案的可操作性的作用;基于分散优化的基本模型,加入政府强互惠节水激励政策,通过节水激励水价这一因子代替原分散优化模型的自利因子,构建一般的一级水权分散优化模型和政府强互惠激励下的一级水权分散优化模型;以漳河流域为例,对模型进行计算及对比分析。研究结果表明:一般分散优化配置模式中,主体的自利性使得流域整体利益受损,尤其是在来水极少的年份;政府强互惠激励下的分散优化配置模式能够兼顾流域宏观和微观的利益。来水量对于跨界流域一级水权配置模式有重要影响,来水量充裕时,政府可放手用水主体进行自主治理,降低行政管理成本;来水量短缺时,政府必须注意改变管理模式,对不同用水主体实施差异化政策激励,加强主体的节水动力;来水量越少,政府强互惠激励下的分散优化配置模式优势越明显。由于既充分考虑各用水主体的利益又能体现流域统一管理理念,因此,政府强互惠激励下的跨界流域一级水权分散优化配置模式在当前流域统一管理和区域分块管理相结合的管理体制下避免了权力冲突。     

Integrating flood hazard into site selection of detention basins using spatial multi-criteria decision-making

This study presents an innovative approach for the integration of flood hazard into the site selection of detention basins. The site selection process is conducted by taking into account multiple criteria and disciplines. Hydraulic modeling results derived from stormwater management model are employed by Technique for the Order of Prioritization by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to determine flood hazard score. The score generated by TOPSIS is used in a spatial multi-criteria decision-making site selection framework. Applying the framework, a suitability map is generated in which primary locations for detention basin placement are determined. The method is demonstrated through the case study of Darakeh River Catchment, which is located in northern Tehran, Iran. The presented framework can be easily utilized for site selection of other stormwater management techniques, such as low impact development and best management practices, due to its versatility.     

Amazonian freshwater habitats experiencing environmental and socioeconomic threats affecting subsistence fisheries

Matching the trend seen among the major large rivers of the globe, the Amazon River and its tributaries are facing aquatic ecosystem disruption that is affecting freshwater habitats and their associated biodiversity, including trends for decline in fishery resources. The Amazon’s aquatic ecosystems, linked natural resources, and human communities that depend on them are increasingly at risk from a number of identified threats, including expansion of agriculture; cattle pastures; infrastructure such as hydroelectric dams, logging, mining; and overfishing. The forest, which regulates the hydrological pulse, guaranteeing the distribution of rainfall and stabilizing seasonal flooding, has been affected by deforestation. Flooding dynamics of the Amazon Rivers are a major factor in regulating the intensity and timing of aquatic organisms. This study’s objective was to identify threats to the integrity of freshwater ecosystems, and to seek instruments for conservation and sustainable use, taking principally fish diversity and fisheries as factors for analysis.     

鄱阳湖流域叶面积指数时空变化特征及其与气候因子的关系

利用1982~2001年NOAA/AVHRR NDVI数据,根据简单生物模型SiB2的方法计算鄱阳湖流域叶面积指数LAI,分析不同植被类型LAI年内和年际变化及其与降水、气温的关系。结果显示：在年内,LAI从1月开始减小,至3月降到最小,之后开始迅速增大,7月达到最大值,然后又开始减小;各植被覆盖类型LAI与前3月降水和前1月平均气温相关性较强,并且全部通过95％的显著性检验。在年际上,各植被覆盖类型LAI在20 a间无明显整体增大或减小趋势,但每隔2~3 a呈锯齿状增大减小交替变化,其中常绿针叶林LAI变幅较大,在23~35之间,而林地草原LAI变化较平缓,在05~09之间;植被LAI年际变化受流域内5~7月降水年际变化的影响较大。在空间上,植被LAI在春、冬季整体较小,空间分布差异也较小,仅在流域边缘山区林地覆盖区稍大,其余大片区域LAI值很低,且分布比较均一;夏、秋季LAI较大,空间分布差异也较大,其空间分布主要与流域内土地覆盖类型有关     

中国流域水资源生态补偿的法律问题与对策

随着我国经济社会的不断发展,水资源不足和水质污染引起的水危机已经成为许多地区可持续发展中的重要制约因素.在这种背景下,为了平衡环境、社会和经济多元利益,寻求先进的法律机制来调节平衡、保护流域生态环境、促进流域的可持续发展已成为一种共识.开展流域水资源生态补偿是实现流域上下游之间等相关方利益公平的关键所在.但由于我国缺乏生态补偿立法和相应的制度安排,流域水资源生态补偿目前仍面临许多问题:我国流域水资源生态补偿进展缓慢、法律制度滞后、部分法律法规彼此之间矛盾和相互冲突、流域水资源生态补偿的法律制度缺位、立法模式不适合当今流域生态环境问题解决等.本文通过对我国有关涉水法律中存在问题的分析,提出一些有关流域水资源生态补偿法律制度建设和完善的对策,以期对中国流域水资源生态补偿的推进和进一步实现水资源的可持续利用有所帮助.     

Watershed-based riverine discharge loads and emission factor of perfluorinated surfactants in Korean peninsula

Long-range transport of and exposure to perfluorinated substances (PFSs) strongly depend on their emission mode. In the present study, watershed-based riverine discharge loads and emission factors are estimated for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorohexylsulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctylsulfonate (PFOS) by using spatially distributed data of chemical concentrations together with water flows and a geographic information system (GIS). Average per capita emissions (emission factor, μg capita⁻¹ d⁻¹) are 75 for PFOA, 36 for PFNA, 17 for PFHxS, and 43 for PFOS, which are several times lower than the estimates for Japan and the European continent. A relatively uniform distribution is observed for PFHxS and PFOS emission factors, while elevated values of PFOA and PFNA predominate in one of eight river basins. This may indicate the leading contribution of diffusive sources (e.g. nonpoint source) for PFHxS and PFOS versus the presence of localized point sources for PFOA and PFNA. The lower-upper bound of total riverine loads discharged annually from the Korean peninsula are in the range of 0.53-1.3 tons for PFOA, 0.09-0.60 tons for PFNA, 0.07-0.29 tons for PFHxS, and 0.19-0.73 tons for PFOS, accounting for <1% of global annual emissions. Furthermore, these riverine discharge loads are significantly greater than the discharge loads from a wastewater treatment plant, indicating the necessity of further study of nonpoint sources.     

江西柘林水库集水区近50年气候干湿状况研究

柘林水库的面积和库容较大,但集水区面积相对较小,水资源亏缺是其主要制约因子,研究近50 a来水库集水区的气候干湿状况和变化趋势,对于水库的运行调度、效益发挥以及制定科学的投资计划具有很好的参考价值。基于江西柘林水库集水区内3个常规气象站1958～2007年的逐日降水、气温等要素观测资料,计算不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI指数）,以衡量集水区干湿情况;用FAO Penman Monteith 方法计算参考蒸散量;以年降水量与年参考蒸散量的差值近似代表最大径流深度。采用线性趋势拟合、滑动平均等分析方法,对水库集水区的旱涝、参考蒸散量、最大径流深度等的时间分布状况、季节变化、变化趋势等进行了分析。研究结果表明：（1）柘林水库集水区1998年以来年降水量呈明显下降趋势,而年参考蒸散量呈上升趋势,导致年最大径流深度下降明显,水库水资源不足;（2）近50 a柘林水库集水区的降水集中度呈增加趋势,强降水对总降水量的贡献增大,旱涝发生风险均增加;（3）近50 a柘林水库集水区旱涝互现、旱重于涝     

Relevance of Hydro-Climatic Change Projection and Monitoring for Assessment of Water Cycle Changes in the Arctic

Rapid changes to the Arctic hydrological cycle challenge both our process understanding and our ability to find appropriate adaptation strategies. We have investigated the relevance and accuracy development of climate change projections for assessment of water cycle changes in major Arctic drainage basins. Results show relatively good agreement of climate model projections with observed temperature changes, but high model inaccuracy relative to available observation data for precipitation changes. Direct observations further show systematically larger (smaller) runoff than precipitation increases (decreases). This result is partly attributable to uncertainties and systematic bias in precipitation observations, but still indicates that some of the observed increase in Arctic river runoff is due to water storage changes, for example melting permafrost and/or groundwater storage changes, within the drainage basins. Such causes of runoff change affect sea level, in addition to ocean salinity, and inland water resources, ecosystems, and infrastructure. Process-based hydrological modeling and observations, which can resolve changes in evapotranspiration, and groundwater and permafrost storage at and below river basin scales, are needed in order to accurately interpret and translate climate-driven precipitation changes to changes in freshwater cycling and runoff. In contrast to this need, our results show that the density of Arctic runoff monitoring has become increasingly biased and less relevant by decreasing most and being lowest in river basins with the largest expected climatic changes.