江苏省太湖流域大型底栖无脊椎动物完整性业务化评价指数构建

为支撑流域水生态目标的业务化管理,提高水生态监测和评价的可操作性,突破物种分类鉴定的技术瓶颈,以大型底栖无脊椎动物为研究对象,在江苏省太湖流域布设120个采样点,于2013年1—3月、7—8月和10—11月开展3次监测。以最小干扰为参照状态,对涉及物种丰度、物种多度组成、耐污能力和摄食类群的72个候选指数进行分布范围、判别能力及相关性分析,结合指数获取的便利性及物种分类的难易程度,最终筛选出3个核心指数构成大型底栖无脊椎动物完整性业务化评价指数,其中湖荡、河流和水库的指数为软体动物分类单元数、优势分类单元相对多度和BMWP指数,溪流的指数为ETO分类单元数、前三位优势分类单元相对多度和BMWP指数。经验证,业务化指数与环境梯度有较好的响应关系,且可操作性强,具备开展业务化应用的前景。但目前的流域水生态目标管理尚处于摸索阶段,技术体系还须在业务化过程中不断修正和完善。     

Integrating flood hazard into site selection of detention basins using spatial multi-criteria decision-making

This study presents an innovative approach for the integration of flood hazard into the site selection of detention basins. The site selection process is conducted by taking into account multiple criteria and disciplines. Hydraulic modeling results derived from stormwater management model are employed by Technique for the Order of Prioritization by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to determine flood hazard score. The score generated by TOPSIS is used in a spatial multi-criteria decision-making site selection framework. Applying the framework, a suitability map is generated in which primary locations for detention basin placement are determined. The method is demonstrated through the case study of Darakeh River Catchment, which is located in northern Tehran, Iran. The presented framework can be easily utilized for site selection of other stormwater management techniques, such as low impact development and best management practices, due to its versatility.     

江西柘林水库集水区近50年气候干湿状况研究

柘林水库的面积和库容较大,但集水区面积相对较小,水资源亏缺是其主要制约因子,研究近50 a来水库集水区的气候干湿状况和变化趋势,对于水库的运行调度、效益发挥以及制定科学的投资计划具有很好的参考价值。基于江西柘林水库集水区内3个常规气象站1958～2007年的逐日降水、气温等要素观测资料,计算不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI指数）,以衡量集水区干湿情况;用FAO Penman Monteith 方法计算参考蒸散量;以年降水量与年参考蒸散量的差值近似代表最大径流深度。采用线性趋势拟合、滑动平均等分析方法,对水库集水区的旱涝、参考蒸散量、最大径流深度等的时间分布状况、季节变化、变化趋势等进行了分析。研究结果表明：（1）柘林水库集水区1998年以来年降水量呈明显下降趋势,而年参考蒸散量呈上升趋势,导致年最大径流深度下降明显,水库水资源不足;（2）近50 a柘林水库集水区的降水集中度呈增加趋势,强降水对总降水量的贡献增大,旱涝发生风险均增加;（3）近50 a柘林水库集水区旱涝互现、旱重于涝     

赤水河流域产业状况与综合流域管理策略

赤水河流域位于川、滇、黔3省接壤地带,流域面积 18 932 km2,流经贵州、云南、四川的13个县市。目前,赤水河流域依然是长江上游生态环境、水质最好的一级支流。促进流域环境保护与经济的协调发展,是地区在进行流域管理的难题。通过研究发现,赤水河流域上、中、下游具有显著的产业特点。上游主要以煤电行业为主,污染大,过度垦殖导致水土流失严重;中游以优质白酒为主导的轻工产业为主,但政府发展规划上却突出了重工业发展的重要性;下游地区具有良好的生态环境并开展了初步规模的自然生态旅游,但在产业发展上受到上、中游地区的严重影响和限制。因此,流域的产业发展对整个流域的环境保护和经济可持续发展的影响很大,而现行的流域管理却忽视了产业布局的整体考虑。通过赤水河流域环境问题和产业发展以及相互之间关系的分析,通过综合流域管理的思想,提出建立全流域统一的环境保护机制的策略,把流域的环境特点转化为经济发展的要素,促进流域环境的保护和经济的协调发展。     

丰水期乌江上游干流水库—河流体系硫同位素组成

2007年7月对乌江上游河流、乌江干流上的3座不同库龄的梯级水库(洪家渡水库、东风水库、乌江渡水库)表层及垂直剖面水体的可溶性硫酸盐的硫同位素组成进行了研究.在垂直剖面上,洪家渡水库硫同位素值(δ34S)介于+0.3‰～+3.1‰,下泄水为-0.7‰;东风水库δ34S值介于-7.5‰～-5.5‰,下泄水为-6.8‰;乌江渡水库δ34S值介于-4.3‰～-0.6‰,下泄水为-2.9‰.上述结论表明,硫同位素组成变化反映了水库硫的不同来源及生物地球化学过程.不同水库表层和垂直剖面水体的硫同位素平均值有差别,水库表层的硫同位素比值主要受输入水体的控制,垂直剖面由表层向下硫同位素比值偏负,主要是由于生物作用以及有机硫的氧化造成的.     

神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽湿地对镉(Ⅱ)、铜(Ⅱ)、铅(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)的净化模拟

在2007年8月研究的基础上,于2008年7月在神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽湿地采用自制简易模拟装置进行现场模拟实验,深入研究了泥炭藓沼泽湿地对不同浓度的金属污染物镉（Ⅱ）、铜（Ⅱ）、铅（Ⅱ）、锌（Ⅱ）的净化作用。研究表明：泥炭藓沼泽湿地对各种金属污染物都有很强的去除能力,2小时后的去除效果强弱顺序为Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn;4种金属任一时刻的去除速率都随初始浓度的增加而增大,低初始浓度先于高初始浓度达到平衡;泥炭藓沼泽湿地的稀释功能在污染物去除中起着重要作用。通过双常数速率模型得到了去除速率与实验时间的关系;拟二级动力学模型和修改后的拟一级动力学模型能够很好地描述泥炭藓沼泽湿地去除金属污染物的动态过程,拟二级动力学模型的拟合效果更佳,通过修改后的拟一级动力学模型可以计算出稀释作用对湿地净化的贡献率。为评估泥炭藓沼泽湿地净水价值、保护和合理利用泥炭藓沼泽湿地提供科学依据。     

水体污染物为导向的流域环境审计模式

日益严峻的环境问题表明,环境行政部门的单一管理模式已难以适应环境监管的需要,独立的第三方监督已成为必要.环境审计实务中多采用以项目为导向,以资金审计为重点的审计模式,难以适应逐步向绩效审计发展的环境审计的需要.本文分析了水体污染区域性、复杂性和累积性等特点,将其与审计理论相结合,构建了以流域主要污染物或特征污染物为导向的审计模式,探讨了以水体污染物迁移特点为基础的流域环境审计范围和重点区域的划分方法,建立了专家评价法、文献调查法、实地监测法等导向污染物调查方法,根据水体污染累积性的特点,从环境治理项目、生态恢复效果等层次确立了审计对象,按政策制度、项目管理、专业技术等层面确定了审计内容,给出了周期性审计、周期内跟踪审计等适合水体环境审计要求的审计方式,并结合太湖流域进行了较为系统的分析,为水环境审计的深入开展提供一定的指导.     

Integrated water management of the Brahmaputra basin: Perspectives and hope for regional development

Water is strongly linked with the overall development framework of the Brahmaputra basin. However, the absence of integrated management of Brahmaputra water resources and lack of coordination among the riparian states constitutes an ongoing threat to future development plans within the basin. Brahmaputra's abundant hydropower potential can help give riparian countries a safer energy future that is the key driving force behind the prospect of potential cooperation. This paper analyses the current status of Brahmaputra water resources and identifies the perspectives of riparian countries regarding the development of the Brahmaputra basin. It also identifies the opportunities for cooperation and regional development through integrated water development and management of the Brahmaputra basin. It is essential to develop an integrated water resources management approach involving all riparians to foster regional development and overcome the prospect of severe water conflict along the Brahmaputra basin.     

Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiyang river, Northwest China

Based on surveys and chemical analyses, we performed a case study of the surface water and groundwater quality in the Wuwei basin, in order to understand the sources of water pollution and the evolution of water quality in Shiyang river. Concentrations of major chemical elements in the surface water were related to the distance downstream from the source of the river, with surface water in the upstream reaches of good quality, but the river from Wuwei city to the Hongya reservoir was seriously polluted, with a synthetic pollution index of 25. Groundwater quality was generally good in the piedmont with dominant bicarbonate and calcium ions, but salinity was high and nitrate pollution occurs in the northern part of the basin. Mineralization of the groundwater has changed rapidly during the past 20 years. There are 23 wastewater outlets that discharge a total of 22.4 x 10(6)m(3)y(-1) into the river from Wuwei city, which, combined with a reduction of inflow water, were found to be the major causes of water pollution. Development of fisheries in the Hongya reservoir since 2000 has also contributed to the pollution. The consumption of water must be decreased until it reaches the sustainable level permitted by the available resources in the whole basin, and discharge of wastes must also be drastically reduced.     

Floristic Characteristics and Biodiversity Patterns in the Baishuijiang River Basin,China

A case study was conducted on the forest ecosystem in the Baishuijiang River basin of China to reveal the influences of environmental factors and human disturbance on the floristic characteristics and biodiversity patterns. Field surveys of the floristic composition, environmental factors, and disturbance factors were conducted along an elevation gradient, and the relationships between biodiversity pattern and environmental factors were analyzed using CCA (canonical correspondence analysis). The results showed that the floristic composition of higher plants consisted of 197 families, 796 genera, 2165 species, 19 subspecies, 239 varietas, and 12 forma, and it was characterized by the multi-geographic composition and by the transition from tropical to temperate zones. Along an elevation gradient, the variations in α and β diversity were best described by a bimodal curve, and the peak values occurred at middle elevations. The CCA indicated that the elevation had the greatest influence on the biodiversity pattern, followed by the topographic index, slope direction, slope, slope position, slope shape, and vegetation coverage. In addition, human disturbance has greatly impacted the floristic composition and biodiversity patterns, and the biodiversity indices were higher with intermediate disturbance at middle elevations compared to higher and lower disturbances at low and high elevations, respectively. This reflected a disturbance–diversity pattern and thus revealed the obvious importance to maintain the intermediate disturbance for biodiversity conservation.