千岛湖流域杭州段人类活动净氮、净磷输入时空分布

为探究人类活动对流域氮磷输入的影响,基于人类活动净氮、净磷输入模型（NANI、NAPI）,分析了2008~2017年千岛湖流域杭州段氮磷输入的时空变化特征及驱动因素.结果表明：年际NANI值呈上升的趋势,10a平均值为2230kg/（km²·a）;年际NAPI值呈先上升后持续下降趋势（峰值出现在2011年）.各子单元空间差异性较为显著,NANI、NAPI值均呈西高东低、南高北低的分布特征.NANI主要输入组分年际间差异显著,2008~2014年NANI的最大贡献源为氮肥施用（37.3%~39.9%）,2015~2017年最大贡献源则为大气氮沉降（36.4%~38.4%）;NAPI主要输入组分年际间较为一致,最大贡献源为人类食品和动物饲料磷输入（44.1%~48.1%）,其次为磷肥施用（40.3%~43.4%）.影响因子中,农作物种植强度与NANI、NAPI的相关性最显著,分别为0.851和0.806.各子单元NANI、NAPI与入湖TN、TP负荷强度显著相关,NANI变化可解释其63.9%的河流TN负荷变化,NAPI变化可解释其73.3%的河流TP负荷变化.因此,千岛湖流域杭州段面源污染实际管控中应重点关注NANI、NAPI值较高的汾口镇、威坪镇及浪川乡,加强氮磷化肥污染防治,实行污染控源减排策略.     

石羊河流域降水稳定同位素变化的区域差异

为了了解干旱内陆河流域降水稳定同位素变化过程及其影响因素,基于石羊河流域荒漠区、绿洲区和山区8个站点2013年7月至2014年7月,497个降水样品氢氧稳定同位素数据及相应气象数据,研究了石羊河流域降水稳定同位素的时空变化、环境效应以及降水水汽来源.结果显示：石羊河流域局地大气水线斜率和截距表现出夏低冬高的变化趋势;降水稳定同位素表现出夏高冬低的变化趋势,从荒漠区、绿洲区到山区,稳定同位素值随海拔升高而降低,海拔效应为-0.22‰/100m,这是温度效应的另一种体现;流域降水稳定同位素表现出显著的温度效应,温度效应为0.43‰/℃,在天气尺度下受季风水汽和降水淋洗过程的影响表现出降水量效应;流域降水来源主要受西风水汽控制,夏季也会会受到季风水汽影响,冬季也受到极地气团影响.     

Impacts of 21st‐Century Climate Change on Hydrologic Extremes in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America

Climate change projections for the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of North America include warmer temperatures (T), reduced precipitation (P) in summer months, and increased P during all other seasons. Using a physically based hydrologic model and an ensemble of statistically downscaled global climate model scenarios produced by the Columbia Basin Climate Change Scenarios Project, we examine the nature of changing hydrologic extremes (floods and low flows) under natural conditions for about 300 river locations in the PNW. The combination of warming, and shifts in seasonal P regimes, results in increased flooding and more intense low flows for most of the basins in the PNW. Flood responses depend on average midwinter T and basin type. Mixed rain and snow basins, with average winter temperatures near freezing, typically show the largest increases in flood risk because of the combined effects of warming (increasing contributing basin area) and more winter P. Decreases in low flows are driven by loss of snowpack, drier summers, and increasing evapotranspiration in the simulations. Energy‐limited basins on the west side of the Cascades show the strongest declines in low flows, whereas more arid, water‐limited basins on the east side of the Cascades show smaller reductions in low flows. A fine‐scale analysis of hydrologic extremes over the Olympic Peninsula echoes the results for the larger rivers discussed above, but provides additional detail about topographic gradients.     

长江上游地区生态重建的经济补偿机制探析

长江上游地区生态环境日益恶化是全社会关注的问题。生态重建面临着一系列问题 ,如经济、粮食、就业等问题 ,其中经济问题是最根本的 ,仅靠上游地区是难以解决的。就此问题 ,笔者根据生态环境资源有偿使用并兼顾效率与公平的原则 ,运用对策思维方法 ,提出建立经济补偿机制 ,实行内部补偿、外部补偿和代际补偿相结合的补偿模式 ,实现长江流域经济、生态、社会协调发展。在生态重建初期 ,以外部补偿和代际补偿为主 ,内部补偿为补充 ;待上游地区经济补偿能力提高以后 ,则以内部补偿为主 ,外部补偿和代际补偿为补充。内部补偿重点在于挖掘自身的经济潜力 ;外部补偿的最佳模式是进行造血式经济补偿 ;代际补偿除给予资金支持外 ,还表现为创造良好的政策环境。     

赤水河流域产业状况与综合流域管理策略

赤水河流域位于川、滇、黔3省接壤地带，流域面积 18 932 km2，流经贵州、云南、四川的13个县市。目前，赤水河流域依然是长江上游生态环境、水质最好的一级支流。促进流域环境保护与经济的协调发展，是地区在进行流域管理的难题。通过研究发现，赤水河流域上、中、下游具有显著的产业特点。上游主要以煤电行业为主，污染大，过度垦殖导致水土流失严重；中游以优质白酒为主导的轻工产业为主，但政府发展规划上却突出了重工业发展的重要性；下游地区具有良好的生态环境并开展了初步规模的自然生态旅游，但在产业发展上受到上、中游地区的严重影响和限制。因此，流域的产业发展对整个流域的环境保护和经济可持续发展的影响很大，而现行的流域管理却忽视了产业布局的整体考虑。通过赤水河流域环境问题和产业发展以及相互之间关系的分析，通过综合流域管理的思想，提出建立全流域统一的环境保护机制的策略，把流域的环境特点转化为经济发展的要素，促进流域环境的保护和经济的协调发展。     

甘肃内陆河流域造纸工业循环经济模式研究

分析了甘肃内陆河流域建厂比较早的某造纸企业技术提升前后资源能源利用、污染物排放及环保效益变化情况,分析了技术提升中生产方式变化情况:现有的生产方式基本为传统的粗放式经营模式,大气污染基本没有主动防御措施,生产废水混合进入污水处理厂,致使污水处理厂负荷过高;生产技术提升改进了生产工艺,提高了废水及固废循环利用率、改造了生产线中不符合环保要求的设备及技术,做到污染物达标排放.归纳总结了适宜于甘肃内陆河流域工业生产技术(造纸行业)提升中的循环经济模式.     

Influence of an oblique path of staircase descent on toe placement and foot clearance

During their commute, pedestrians encounter a variety of staircase designs. One such design is the oblique staircase that allows pedestrians to descend at an angle. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of an oblique path of descent on heel and toe clearance, and toe placement on a step. Sixteen participants descended a staircase on an angled path at three angles: 0° (perpendicular), 25°, and 45°. Toe placement and foot clearances were compared between the descent angles and feet. An increase in descent angle demonstrated increased clearance of the heel apex compared with straight descent; however, the aspect of the foot closest to the stair changes in angled descent, moving from the apex to the side of the heel. A greater portion of the foot was placed on the stair tread during angled descent. Future work should address the influence of angled descent on fall risk.     

淮河流域典型癌病高发区土壤和地下水重金属积累及健康风险

分别采集淮河沿岸某癌病高发区土壤和地下水样品,分析和探讨了土壤和地下水重金属的含量、分布和季节变化,以及土壤和地下水重金属积累的生态与健康风险.结果表明,除Zn外,土壤和地下水重金属含量旱季均高于雨季,癌病高发村庄高于其他村庄,河流污染是沿岸土壤和地下水重金属积累的主要原因.除土壤Cd达到中度潜在生态风险外,土壤中其余重金属的潜在生态风险总体为轻微级.癌病高发村庄居民饮水中重金属致癌和非致癌健康风险明显高于其他村庄居民,均为其他村庄居民的2倍以上,其中,重金属非致癌健康风险达到93.09×10-10a-1,接近国际健康组织推荐的最大可忽略风险,重金属致癌健康风险达到27.82×10-5a-1,分别为ICRP和US EPA推荐的最大可接受风险的5倍和2倍以上.各种重金属中,Pb和Cr是主要的非致癌健康风险因子,Cr是主要的致癌健康风险因子.癌病高发村庄土壤和地下水重金属积累明显,存在较高的饮水重金属暴露健康风险.     

Real-world adjustments of driver seat and head restraint in Saab 9-3 vehicles

Objective: Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD), commonly denoted whiplash injury, is a worldwide problem. These injuries occur at relatively low changes of velocity (typically <25 km/h) in impacts from all directions. Rear impacts, however, are the most common in the injury statistics. Females have a 1.5–3 times higher risk of whiplash injury than males.

?Improved seat design is the prevailing means of increasing the protection of whiplash injury for occupants in rear impacts. Since 1997, more advanced whiplash protection systems have been introduced on the market, the Saab Active Head Restraint (SAHR) being one of the most prominent. The SAHR—which is height adjustable—is mounted to a pressure plate in the seatback by means of a spring-resisted link mechanism.

?Nevertheless, studies have shown that seats equipped with reactive head restraints (such as the SAHR) have a very high injury-reducing effect for males (～60–70%) but very low or no reduction effect for females. One influencing factor could be the position of the head restraint relative to the head, because a number of studies have reported that adjustable head restraints often are incorrectly positioned by drivers.

?The aim was to investigate how female and male Saab drivers adjust the seat in the car they drive the most.

Methods: The seated positions of drivers in stationary conditions have been investigated in a total of 76 volunteers (34 females, 42 males) who participated in the study. Inclusion criteria incorporated driving a Saab 9–3 on a regularly basis.

Results: The majority of the volunteers (89%) adjusted the head restraint to any of the 3 uppermost positions and as many as 59% in the top position.

?The average vertical distance between the top of the head and the top of the head restraint (offset) increase linearly with increasing statures, from an average of ?26 mm (head below the head restraint) for small females to an average of 82 mm (head above the head restraint) for large males. On average, the offset was 23 mm for females, which is within a satisfactory range and in accordance with recommendations; the corresponding value for males was 72 mm.

?The backset tended to be shorter among female volunteers (on average 27 mm) compared to the male volunteers (on average 44 mm). Moreover, the backset tended to increase with increasing statures.

Conclusions: Incorrect adjustment of the head restraint cannot explain the large differences found between the sexes in the effectiveness of the SAHR system.     

Experimental investigations on direct injection diesel engines using grape seed oil methyl ester with different bowl geometries

In this paper, the performance of direct injection diesel engine was experimentally investigated under the influence of two different pistons’s geometry deep bowl combustion chamber (DBCC) and toroidal combustion chamber (TCC) compared with standard piston combustion chamber (SPCC) geometry. The experiments were carried out standard atmospheric conditions of 1.01325 bar and 30 ± 2 °C. The piston bowl was designed and developed without modifying the compression ratio of the engine. The investigations were carried out with B25 (25% GOME + 75% diesel), B50 (50% GOME + 50% diesel), B75 (75% GOME +25% diesel) and B100 (100% GOME) by volume blends for three different bowl geometries. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was given the importance of higher in-cylinder temperature for the mass change of GOME leads to a more premixed phase of combustion. The results showed that DBCC has better combustion characteristics when compared with SPCC and TCC for all the blends. The B25 and B50 blends showed good combustion characteristics with DBCC and SPCC individually. While TCC showed average engine characteristics for all the blends categorically, the brake thermal efficiency for B25 blend confirmed a 4.7% higher than SPCC-diesel with DBCC piston, and the smoke, CO (Carbon monoxide), and HC (Hydrocarbon) are reduced by 9.2%, 30.7%, and 4.6%, respectively. Thus, the B25 blend in a DBCC piston engine was observed to be the distinction than other configurations. The results confirmed that the DBCC is a good option for B25 blend.