长江上游地区生态重建的经济补偿机制探析

长江上游地区生态环境日益恶化是全社会关注的问题。生态重建面临着一系列问题 ,如经济、粮食、就业等问题 ,其中经济问题是最根本的 ,仅靠上游地区是难以解决的。就此问题 ,笔者根据生态环境资源有偿使用并兼顾效率与公平的原则 ,运用对策思维方法 ,提出建立经济补偿机制 ,实行内部补偿、外部补偿和代际补偿相结合的补偿模式 ,实现长江流域经济、生态、社会协调发展。在生态重建初期 ,以外部补偿和代际补偿为主 ,内部补偿为补充 ;待上游地区经济补偿能力提高以后 ,则以内部补偿为主 ,外部补偿和代际补偿为补充。内部补偿重点在于挖掘自身的经济潜力 ;外部补偿的最佳模式是进行造血式经济补偿 ;代际补偿除给予资金支持外 ,还表现为创造良好的政策环境。     

甘肃内陆河流域造纸工业循环经济模式研究

分析了甘肃内陆河流域建厂比较早的某造纸企业技术提升前后资源能源利用、污染物排放及环保效益变化情况,分析了技术提升中生产方式变化情况:现有的生产方式基本为传统的粗放式经营模式,大气污染基本没有主动防御措施,生产废水混合进入污水处理厂,致使污水处理厂负荷过高;生产技术提升改进了生产工艺,提高了废水及固废循环利用率、改造了生产线中不符合环保要求的设备及技术,做到污染物达标排放.归纳总结了适宜于甘肃内陆河流域工业生产技术(造纸行业)提升中的循环经济模式.     

飞机驾驶舱人机几何适配性评价指标研究

飞机驾驶舱人机几何适配性评价对于保障人机效能的充分发挥和飞行安全至关重要。针对一些评价指标制定了相关标准和规范,但未形成一套可操作的指标体系。针对该问题,提出采用改进德尔菲法建立飞机驾驶舱人机几何适配性评价指标体系。通过对现有相关标准、规范和技术数据进行分析研究,初步确定出38个评价指标。针对确定的指标,聘请了飞过多种型号飞机的23名现役有经验飞行员作为专家咨询人员进行了两轮咨询,在对咨询结果进行统计处理的基础上,筛选出了21个评价指标,该指标体系的建立为飞机驾驶舱人机几何适配性综合评价奠定了基础,也可为航空工程部门的评价工作提供科学依据,并有一定的指导作用和实用价值。     

滇池周边地区农田土壤硝酸盐迁移累积特征

采用实地调查与模拟实验相结合的方法,研究不同施氮水平对地表水及土体中硝态氮迁移和累积的影响,旨在为减轻硝酸盐对滇池环境的威胁提供科学依据.结果表明,流域内农田排水中氮污染负荷高、氮肥投入过量及灌水频繁是造成研究区内土壤硝酸盐淋洗污染地下水的主要原因;土壤中NO3--N累积量与氮肥施用量在生菜的苗期呈极显著正相关(相关系数R0.01=0.9687**,**表示极显著线性相关),而在结球期呈显著正相关(R0.05=0.887*,*表示显著线性相关);在生菜整个生育期里,NO3--N沿土壤剖面垂直迁移至土壤深层,导致下层土壤的NO3--N含量高于上层土壤;生菜在苗期NO3--N淋失量较大,对地下水污染的风险高;高施氮强度与低施氮强度相比,氮素更易流失;频繁灌溉促使NO3--N随水向深层土壤迁移累积.     

不同土地利用模式下洪泽湖流域非点源颗粒态磷负荷时空演变研究

综合星地协同技术手段,定量化表征1990年以来洪泽湖流域非点源颗粒态磷负荷的时空变化特征,并差别化地探讨其与流域土地利用变化的响应关系,厘清二者的作用机制,为实现非点源磷污染的有效管控提供科技支撑。主要结论包括:(1)近20年,颗粒态磷负荷呈现"下降-上升-下降"的波动状态,1990~1996年呈下降趋势,1998~2006年保持平稳增长状态,2008年后快速下降;(2)颗粒态磷单位负荷空间差异明显,高值区集中分布在淮河支流流域(3.88 t/km~2/a),低值区则主要分布在汴河流域(0.57 t/km~2/a);(3)不同土地利用模式下平均颗粒态磷负荷由高到低依次为:多种地类混合的淮河支流流域(681.84 t/a)、城镇化快速增长的高松河流域(317.65 t/a)、农用地主导的维桥河流域(185.73 t/a)、湿地保护区的汴河流域(121.09 t/a)。林地、湿地等用地类型能显著减少颗粒态磷污染物的流失量,农用地和建设用地则会加剧颗粒态面源磷污染。     

基于GIS的高原湖泊流域生态安全格局构建及优化研究——以星云湖流域为例

以星云湖流域自然人文环境特征、主要生态环境问题为出发点,结合景观生态学原理方法、熵值法和GIS空间分析技术,实现星云湖流域生态安全的空间分异格局及优化。选取海拔高程、坡度、土壤侵蚀强度、地质灾害易发性、土地覆被(利用方式和植被覆盖度)、人口密度、距自然保护区距离、距离建设用地和距水源距离等因素为阻力因子叠加生成综合阻力要素,根据GIS空间成本距离分析原理,引用最小累积阻力模型识别构建流域生态廊道和生态节点,进一步规划优化流域生态功能网络的结构和功能。研究表明:(1)从各安全等级面积比例和平均生态安全指数角度,星云湖流域中度安全占流域总面积的45.81%,高度安全为25.24%,较低安全为21.05%,不安全占7.9%,平均生态安全指数为2.95,流域生态安全总体处于中度安全,生态系统健康一般,但部分地区生态安全性较低,主要分布在南部、东部和北部地区,应重视这些区域的生态保护和建设;同时,坡度、水土流失因子和水资源(自然环境要素)、土地利用格局和距离建设用地(人类活动干扰要素)等因素是流域生态安全格局形成的主要因子;(2)识别规划了中枢生态源、核心型生态源斑块、一般生态源、多种级别的生态廊道和生态节点或战略点等构成的具有结构性和层次性的流域生态安全网络格局,对不同层次和结构的生态源、生态廊道和生态节点或战略点进行针对性建设保护,将有效提升流域生态系统的功能价值性和系统的完整性,进而加强流域生态稳定安全。     

汶川地震震损水库土坝动力反应与几何坝形的经验关系

在5·12汶川地震后的四川省水库土坝震害调查成果的基础上,选取汶川地震中受损的有完整资料的96座水库土坝为研究对象,应用等效线性模型对土坝进行了二维动力反应分析。选择3条有代表性的汶川地震实测记录,以三水准峰值加速度输入,得到土坝的动力反应(放大系数、最大动剪应力)与土坝几何形状(宽高比、上游坡比、坝高)间的经验关系。结果表明,土坝放大系数和最大动剪应力随着宽高比和上游坡比的增大而减小,随着坝高的增大而增大;输入波的频谱和峰值强度均对土坝动力反应与其几何形状的经验关系有重要影响。     

LUMP SUM TAX LOSS REIMBURSEMENT UNDER THE THAMES RIVER FLOOD CONTROL COMPACT1

ABSTRACT: Under the terms of the Thames River Valley Flood Control Compact, Connecticut has been paying Massachusetts 40 percent of the annual property tax losses suffered by seven Massachusetts towns where four flood control structures were located. The permissable alternative of a single lump sum payment was investigated in the study summarized here. The lump sum payment should be the proportion of total benefits (flood control and recreation) from the four structures which Connecticut receives, multiplied by the present value of projected tax losses in the seven tom Flood control benefits and their distribution between the two states were fixed in the Compact, but a survey was necessary to determine recreational benefits and their distribution. Regression analysis of 1957 to 1978 tax loss data provided equations used to project future tax losses. Resent values of projected tax low were calculated using discount rates ranging from 6 to 12 percent. A plausible range of lump sum reinbursements as of 1979 was identified.     

An examination of community flood warning systems: Are we providing the right assistance?

The technology transfer of flood warning systems offers a large potential for reducing human losses and property damage in flood-prone regions; much of the technology and methodology is readily transferable from developed countries and “appropriate” for developing countries. This paper examines some community folk warning systems in the United States that could be incorporated into a rational strategy for technology transfer. It discusses why official organized systems should not be relied on completely and how participation in and transfer of highly cost-effective and reliable community warning systems by development assistance agencies could greatly benefit the people as well as the governments of developing countries.     

USE OF STREAMFLOW INCREASES FROM VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN THE VERDE RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Although the effects of vegetation management on streamflow have been studied in many locations, the effects of augmented streamflow on downstream water users have not been carefully analyzed. This study examines the routing of streamflow increases that could be produced in the Verde River Basin of Arizona. Reservoir management and water routing to users in the Salt River Valley around Phoenix were carefully modeled. Simulation of water routing with and without vegetation modification indicates that, under current institutional conditions, less than one-half of the streamflow increase would reach consumptive users as surface water. Most of the remainder would accumulate in storage until a year of unusually heavy runoff, when it would add to reservoir spills. Under alternative scenarios, from 39 to 58 percent of the streamflow increase was delivered to consumptive users.