珠江三角洲地区城镇生活污染源调查及其排污总量核算

 综合运用资料收集、典型调查、补充监测与系数核算相结合的方法,针对珠江三角洲地区城镇生活污染源(58座城镇污水处理厂和770个入河(海)排污口)开展了污染源调查与排污总量核算研究.核算结果显示,研究区域内8个城市城镇生活污染源的污水产生量为39.64亿t,主要污染物产生量分别为CODCr90.79万t/a、BOD543.53万t/a、氨氮10.32万t/a、总氮13.55万t/a、总磷1.42万t/a;排放量分别为CODCr62.58万t/a、BOD531.89万t/a、氨氮7.32万t/a、总氮10.26万t/a、总磷0.998万t/a.从排放去向上看,直排近岸海域的污水量占16.9%;排入西江、北江及其汇合后形成的三角洲网河的污水量占43.2%;排入东江水系的污水量为占27.1%.     

流化床厌氧反应器流化及反应特性研究

对流化床厌氧反应器的流化及反应特性进行研究,结果显示:床层实际初始流化流速umf为0.138～0.154cm/min,与理论计算值0.143 cm/min一致;在一定范围内,流速增大有利于反应量的提高,当流速为0.414 cm/min时,单位时间内的反应量达到最大,其值为4.66 mg/(L·min);适当提高流速有利...     

Inhibition and recovery of nitrification in treating real coal gasification wastewater with moving bed biofilm reactor

Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was used to treat real coal gasification wastewater. Nitrification of the MBBR was inhibited almost completely during start-up period. Sudden increase of influent total NH3 concentration was the main factor inducing nitrification inhibition. Increasing DO concentration in the bulk liquid (from 2 to 3 mg/L) had little e ect on nitrification recovery. Nitrification of the MBBR recovered partially by the addition of nitrifying sludge into the reactor and almost ceased within 5 days. Nitrification ratio of the MBBR achieved 65% within 12 days by increasing dilute ratio of the influent wastewater with tap water. The ratio of nitrification decreased to 25% when influent COD concentration increased from 650 to 1000 mg/L after nitrification recovery and recovered 70% for another 4 days.     

Production and application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactors.Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start- up time.Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant(SWWTP) containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration.The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge,sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year,and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves.The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD)removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration.The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h.SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences.SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp.was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance.The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

间歇曝气生物滤池生物除磷性能研究

通过间歇曝气、连续进水的运行方式使生物膜系统交替处于厌氧/好氧状态,据此研究了不同进水挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)质量浓度、运行周期以及反冲洗条件下生物滤池的生物除磷性能.实验中以模拟生活污水为处理对象,滤池水力停留时间为1.3 h,进水流速为5 L.h-1,气水比为8∶1,进水平均COD负荷、氨氮负荷和磷酸盐负荷分别为4.7、0.41和0.095 g.(L.d)-1.结果表明,在一个运行周期内生物滤池能有效实现释磷和吸磷;当进水VFAs质量浓度(以COD计)为100 mg.L-1、运行周期为6 h时,生物滤池除磷性能最佳,曝气阶段滤池出水磷去除负荷可达0.059 g.(L.d)-1,同时COD和氨氮的去除负荷分别为3.8 g.(L.d)-1和0.28 g.(L.d)-1,出水平均磷、COD和氨氮质量浓度为1.8、43.6、8.7mg.L-1,滤池中存在一定程度的氮流失;中止反冲洗使生物滤池除磷性能迅速下降,2 d后滤池除磷效率低于40%,随即恢复反冲洗使滤池除磷效果出现短暂增强,再经2 d反冲洗后除磷效率又回到原有水平.可见,在间歇曝气、连续进水的运行方式下生物滤池成功实现了生物除磷并具有较好的磷负荷去除效果,充足而稳定的进水VFAs质量浓度、适当的运行周期以及较高频率的反冲洗有利于滤池的生物除磷性能.     

新型人工湿地对工业区降雨径流的净化研究

根据东莞市同沙水库集水区内工业区降雨径流的水质、水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对其进行模拟及实地降雨径流净化研究.对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行对比,分析COD、SS、TN、TP、NH4+-N以及重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨它们的主要去除机制.模拟净化研究中,除TN外,湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类质量标准,TN达Ⅳ类标准;且大部分污染物在湿地前端被去除.实地降雨径流净化研究中,COD、SS、TN、TP及NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为90.9%、97.0%、83.4%、92.2%、90.0%;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的平均去除率分别为98.4%、94.1%、93.6%,出水均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准.研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对工业区降雨径流的净化效果显著,湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力.另外,小幅温度变化对湿地系统中污染物的去除影响不大.     

焦作市工业行业的生态效率

以工业城市焦作市为例,选择工业能源消费和污染物(包括废水、固体废物、SO2、烟尘等)排放作为环境负荷,定量分析工业分行业的生态效率及分行业特定环境负荷对总环境负荷的贡献率.结果表明,能源效率最高的行业是黑色金属矿采选业(FMM),为43.19万元·tce-1,贡献率为0.003%;废水排放相关环境效率最高的是交通运输设...     

基于结构参数响应的内循环流化床流体特性优化数值模拟

流化床是一种结构复杂而能量转化高效的反应器型式,为了实现系统化的内循环流化床优化设计,利用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型构建了不同结构的CFD流化床模型,在分别改变高径比、导流筒与反应器的直径比和底隙高度3个结构因素的情况下,考察流化床内全流场、局部流场、液相运动速度及气含率等气液两相流的响应特性,分析结构因素及操作因素对流体运动的内在影响,阐明工程优化设计的方向.数值模拟结果表明:高径比主要影响气液流动型态,低高径比时容易出现漩涡和返混,工程中应采用导流内构件并重视气体分布装置的合理设计;导流筒与反应器的直径比主要影响液体循环速度,存在一个合理的区间,考虑流动速度与气含率,流化床直径比可取0.6～0.8,最佳取值为0.7;底隙高度影响流化床底泥区的流体运动,应约等于流化床下降区的缝隙长度.CFD模拟可作为污染控制技术工业放大和优化设计的辅助工具.     

地理特征、人口分布及用电负荷对深圳城市热岛效应的影响分析

利用自动站气温资料计算了深圳市的城市热岛强度,并分析了海陆分布、人口密度、道路占地面积百分比及用电负荷等因素对深圳城市热岛效应的影响.结果表明,海陆分布是决定深圳城市热岛强度空间分布格局的主要因子,深圳东西两侧海洋的气候调节作用使得热岛强度相对较低,而中部地区南临香港陆地,海洋调节作用较弱,使得这部分地区成为深圳城市热岛的中心.人口密度和道路占地面积百分比对深圳城市热岛强度空间分布格局均有影响,它们与城市热岛强度之间的相关性显著（p〈0.01）,但道路占地百分比最密集的地区,城市热岛强度值却并不高,这可能与该区域较大的年平均风速有关.对2011年和2010年的数据进行对比分析,发现电力负荷对深圳城市热岛强度有着非常明显的影响,2011年深圳年平均城市热岛强度的增加,极有可能是由于2011年冬季更冷夏季更热导致用电负荷增加而造成的.     

Sulfide oxidation in fluidized bed bioreactor using nylon support material

A continuous fluidized bed bioreactor (FBBR) with nylon support particles was used to treat synthetic sulfide wastewater at different hydraulic retention time of 25, 50 and 75 min and upflow velocity of 14, 17 and 20 m/hr. The effects of upflow velocity, hydraulic retention time and reactor operation time on sulfide oxidation rate were studied using statistical model. Mixed culture obtained from the activated sludge, taken from tannery effluent treatment plant, was used as a source for microorganisms. The diameter and density of the nylon particles were 2-3 mm and 1140 kg/m³, respectively. Experiments were carried out in the reactor at a temperature of (30 ± 2)℃, at a fixed bed height of 16 cm after the formation of biofilm on the surface of support particles. Biofilm thickness reached (42 ± 3) μupm after 15 days from reactor start-up. The sulfide oxidation, sulfate and sulfur formation is examined at all hydraulic retention times and upflow velocities. The results indicated that almost 90%-92% sulfide oxidation was achieved at all hydraulic retention times. Statistical model could explain 94% of the variability and analysis of variance showed that upflow velocity and hydraulic retention time slightly affected the sulfide oxidation rate. The highest sulfide oxidation of 92% with 70% sulfur was obtained at hydraulic retention time of 75 min and upflow velocity of 14 m/hr.