生物流化床反应器在处理含氯代芳香化合物废水中的应用

氯代芳香化合物是工业废水中重要污染物之一。本文介绍了氯代芳香化合物的降解机理、生物流化床的特点及其处理氯代芳香化合物的应用 ,为含氯代芳香化合物的废水处理提供参考     

覆膜滤料对特殊烟尘处理的优越性

覆膜滤料是新型的过滤材料 ,弥补了普通滤料在烟尘处理过程中的不足。特别是对含油雾、粘结性强的粉尘以及高湿等特殊烟尘治理具有良好的效果     

氧化铝厂蒸发器发生应力腐蚀的原因分析与防治

对氧化铝厂蒸发器发生应力腐蚀的危害性作了介绍 ,描述了应力腐蚀裂纹的特征 ;对应力腐蚀产生的原因进行了分析 ,并提出了防治措施     

粉煤灰黑液胶凝材料的研究

研究了改性黑液作粉煤灰的激发剂,并与石灰、磷石膏一起制成一种新型的胶凝材料,讨论了粉煤灰、石灰、磷石膏及黑液的用量对胶凝材料性能的影响,并通过正交试验与模糊数学分析求出了最佳工艺参数。试验结果表明,该种新材料的抗压强度能达≥20MPa,耐水性良好,且工艺简单、成本低。     

我国地质环境与社会经济的物质流分析

论文利用物质流分析方法对2000~2005年我国地质环境与社会经济的物质流进行了核算与分析。结果表明:近年我国社会经济发展从地质环境获取的物质需求总量呈增加态势,2005年达到了439.6×10⁸t,显著超过了国外主要发达国家,致使我国地质环境压力不断增大;我国经济增长在依赖于地质资源的同时,物质生产力从240.9元/t增长到416.5元/t,但与主要发达国家相比,我国经济发展仍属于资源消耗型,可持续发展能力较低;我国人均物质消耗量为33.6t,明显低于主要发达国家,按照发达国家人均物质消耗量开发地质资源将远远超过我国的地质环境承载力,决定了我国只能走资源节约型的经济发展道路。     

Why do not all workers work? Colony size and workload during emigrations in the ant Temnothorax albipennis

Here, we study distribution of workload and its relationship to colony size among worker ants of Temnothorax albipennis, in the context of colony emigrations. We find that one major aspect of workload, number of items transported by each worker, was more evenly distributed in larger colonies. By contrast, in small colonies, a small number of individuals perform most of the work in this task (in one colony, a single ant transported 57% of all items moved in the emigration). Transporters in small colonies carried more items to the new nest per individual and achieved a higher overall efficiency in transport (more items moved per transporter and unit time). Our results suggest that small colonies may be extremely dependent on a few key individuals. In studying colony organisation and division of labour, the amount of work performed by each individual, not just task repertoire (which tasks are performed at all), should be taken into account.     

Time stress,predation risk and diurnal–nocturnal foraging trade-offs in larval prey

Insect larvae increase in size with several orders of magnitude throughout development making them more conspicuous to visually hunting predators. This change in predation pressure is likely to impose selection on larval anti-predator behaviour and since the risk of detection is likely to decrease in darkness, the night may offer safer foraging opportunities to large individuals. However, forsaking day foraging reduces development rate and could be extra costly if prey are subjected to seasonal time stress. Here we test if size-dependent risk and time constraints on feeding affect the foraging–predation risk trade-off expressed by the use of the diurnal–nocturnal period. We exposed larvae of one seasonal and one non-seasonal butterfly to different levels of seasonal time stress and time for diurnal–nocturnal feeding by rearing them in two photoperiods. In both species, diurnal foraging ceased at large sizes while nocturnal foraging remained constant or increased, thus larvae showed ontogenetic shifts in behaviour. Short night lengths forced small individuals to take higher risks and forage more during daytime, postponing the shift to strict night foraging to later on in development. In the non-seasonal species, seasonal time stress had a small effect on development and the diurnal–nocturnal foraging mode. In contrast, in the seasonal species, time for pupation and the timing of the foraging shift were strongly affected. We argue that a large part of the observed variation in larval diurnal–nocturnal activity and resulting growth rates is explained by changes in the cost/benefit ratio of foraging mediated by size-dependent predation and time stress.     

Lead particle size and its association with firing conditions and range maintenance: implications for treatment

Six firing range soils were analyzed, representing different environments, firing conditions, and maintenance practices. The particle size distribution and lead (Pb) concentration in each soil fraction were determined for samples obtained from the backstop berms. The main factors that were found to influence Pb fragment size were the type of soil used to construct the berms and the type of weapon fired. The firing of high velocity weapons, i.e., rifles, onto highly angular soils induced significant fragmentation of the bullets and/or pulverization of the soil itself. This resulted in the accumulation of Pb in the finer soil fractions and the spread of Pb contamination beyond the vicinity of the backstop berm. Conversely, the use of clay as backstop and the use of low velocity pistols proved to be favorable for soil clean-up and range maintenance, since Pb was mainly present as large metallic fragments that can be recovered by a simple screening process. Other factors that played important roles in Pb particle size distribution were soil chemistry, firing distance, and maintenance practices, such as the use of water spray for dust suppression and deflectors prior to impact. Overall, coarse Pb particles provide much easier and more cost-effective maintenance, soil clean-up, and remediation via physical separation. Fine Pb particles release Pb more easily, pose an airborne Pb hazard, and require the application of stabilization/solidification treatment methods. Thus, to ensure sustainable firing range operations by means of cost-effective design, maintenance, and clean-up, especially when high velocity weapons are used, the above mentioned factors should be carefully considered.     

用复极固定床电解槽处理硝基苯废水

用复极固定床电解槽处理模拟硝基苯废水,考察了电解电压、N2SO4质量浓度、pH、硝基苯的初始质量浓度等条件对电解效果的影响。在Na2SO4质量浓度为1000mg／t、电解电压为40V、初始pH为10的条件下,复极固定床电解槽对硝基苯初始质量浓度为120mg／L的废水有较好的处理效果,硝基苯去除率可达到82．8％。探讨了复极固定床电解槽电化学降解硝基苯的机理。     

疏浚污泥的表征及其作为垃圾覆盖材料的可行性研究

比较系统地研究了疏浚污泥的各种参数 ,如渗透系数、浸出毒性、重金属含量等 ,以及作为垃圾覆盖土的可行性。研究结果表明 ,用该污泥作垃圾填埋场覆盖土的边坡稳定性能较好 ,基本上满足作为覆盖土的技术要求 ,使用后不会给垃圾渗滤液的处理增加负担。因此 ,以疏浚污泥作为生活垃圾填埋场覆盖土 ,可同时解决平原型填埋场缺土和疏浚污泥的最终出路问题。