寿昌江流域及邻近山区溶岩洞穴大型水生底栖动物

灵栖洞、灵山洞、瑶琳洞为浙江西部山区已开发的著名观光溶岩洞穴群，灵栖洞位于寿昌江流域支流小江溪的源头附近，由灵泉、清风、霭云三洞组成，灵山洞由清虚洞、仙桥洞组成．三洞穴群内大型水生动物隶属2门3纲5目11科．灵栖洞大型水生动物群落主要由放逸短沟蜷和掌指米虾组成，灵山洞主要由硬环棱螺、放逸短沟蜷、格氏短沟蜷及水生昆虫幼体组成，瑶琳洞内主要由锯齿新米虾和扁卷螺组成．灵泉洞洞穴有光带主要分布有掌指米虾和放逸短沟蜷，弱光带主要分布有锯齿新米虾、掌指米虾和硬环棱螺，黑暗带主要分布有锯齿新米虾、掌指米虾和扁卷螺，灵泉洞有光带动物种类的多样性、均匀度指数最高，分别为0．9832和0．6109，黑暗带最低，分别为0．0983和0．1418；优势度在黑暗带最高，其值为0．6250．表3参18     

菌群条件下铜绿微囊藻休眠体复苏期间光合效率变化

将3株冲天湖底泥优势菌(Exiguobacterium.sp013、Bacillus.spD06与Bacillus.spD24)按不同配比与铜绿微囊藻休眠体用底泥包埋,在梯度温度下(10、15、20和25℃)进行复苏模拟实验.结果表明,在15、20和25℃条件下,菌组和无菌组铜绿微囊藻休眠体均能从底泥复苏进入上覆水体,但菌组复苏率显著高于无菌组(p0.05).在10℃条件下,菌组铜绿微囊藻休眠体能复苏,而无菌组不能.在20和25℃时,菌组对铜绿微囊藻休眠体光合系统的光合效率F_v/F_m无显著提升作用(p 0.05),而在10和15℃时,菌组能显著提升铜绿微囊藻休眠体的光合效率F_v/F_m(p0.05),且菌组Mix-4的提升能力显著强于其他菌组和无菌组.基因测序和KEGG富集分析发现,15℃时菌组Mix-4差异表达的基因显著富集于Cell cycle通路中,包括氧化磷酸化(ATP生成反应)通路和内质网蛋白合成通路,同时与光合作用相关的蛋白基因psaB、psbA及rbcL的表达量均发生显著上调,这可能是Mix-4菌群在较低温度下(15℃)提升铜绿微囊藻休眠体光合效率F_v/F_m并促进其复苏的分子机理.     

长江口近岸地区抗生素抗性基因与微生物群落分布特征

由于抗生素的大量使用,环境中微生物对抗生素的抗性不断增加,抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)问题越来越严重,严重威胁生态安全和人类健康.为研究长江口近岸地区水体和底泥沉积物中的ARGs和微生物群落的分布特征,通过野外调查采集了8个站点的水样和沉积物样本,对2种磺胺类抗性基因(sul1、sul2)、6种四环素类抗性基因(tetM、tetC、tetX、tetA、tetO、tetQ)、1种整合子基因intI1、16S rRNA基因和微生物群落进行检测分析.结果表明,长江口近岸地区10种抗性基因的检出率为100%.其中,整合子基因intI1和水样中多种ARGs呈显著正相关关系.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是长江口近岸地区水环境中的优势菌门;Chloroplast为水体中的主要菌属,Chloroplast和Nitrospira为沉积物中的主要菌属.在水体中,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirota)是4种四环素类抗性基因(tetX、tetA、tetO和tetQ)共同的潜在宿主;在沉积物中,Sva0485是sul1和intI1的共同潜在宿主.微生物群落的分布...     

梯级电站作用下牡丹江底栖动物沿程变化规律

水电站运行影响河流的栖息地环境,进而影响底栖动物群落结构,从而对河流生态健康造成影响.基于牡丹江镜泊湖电站至石岩电站江段的底栖动物采样数据,分析该江段的底栖动物沿程变化规律以及梯级水电站群对水生态环境的影响.结果表明,梯级电站的运行对研究江段的多种生境因子造成了影响,改变了江段内底栖动物的群落结构.在电站的上游和下游,底栖动物群落结构差别明显,其中,电站下游环境敏感种的数量多于上游.相比坝式水电站,引水式水电站对底栖动物的影响较小.空间上来看,电站运行影响沿程逐渐减弱,底栖动物的密度和丰度呈现沿程增加的趋势.     

Molecular approaches to microbiological monitoring: fecal source detection

Molecular methods are useful both to monitor natural communities of bacteria, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments. Length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNAs discriminate among 16S rRNA genes based on length polymorphisms of their PCR products. With these methods, we developed an alternative indicator that distinguishes the source of fecal pollution in water. We amplify 16S rRNA gene fragments from the fecal anaerobic genus Bacteroides with specific primers. Because Bacteroides normally resides in gut habitats, its presence in water indicates fecal pollution. Molecular detection circumvents the complexities of growing anaerobic bacteria. We identified Bacteroides LH-PCR and T-RFLP ribosomal DNA markers unique to either ruminant or human feces. The same unique fecal markers were recovered from polluted natural waters. We cloned and sequenced the unique markers; marker sequences were used to design specific PCR primers that reliably distinguish human from ruminant sources of fecal contamination. Primers for more species are under development. This approach is more sensitive than fecal coliform assays, is comparable in complexity to standard food safety and public health diagnostic tests, and lends itself to automation and high-throughput. Thus molecular genetic markers for fecal anaerobic bacteria hold promise for monitoring bacterial pollution and water quality.     

Utility participation in a multispecies plan

Single-species listings under provisions of the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) have caused, or have been accused of causing, significant regional economic impact. In an attempt to avoid such adverse effects on regional economic development, the state of California passed the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Act (NCCP) in 1991. It is a voluntary, consensus-based approach to balancing protection of sensitive biota and biodiversity with regional economic development. The pilot NCCP program for the conservation of several threatened, endangered, and category 1 species, plus an additional 35 coastal sage scrub-related species in southern California, was completed and submitted to the public for review and comment in December 1995. This program proposes the voluntary establishment of a 86,600-ha multispecies reserve system. Once completed, participating landowners will receive ESA Section 10(a) incidental take permits for present and identified future projects. Utility rights-of-way are incorporated into the program as important connective linkages between reserve units and other adjacent important habitat areas. All data and information regarding the proposed results of the NCCP are subject to change pending agency response to public comments on the draft Habitat Conservation Plan and joint EIR/EIS.     

Persistence of Forest Birds in the Costa Rican Agricultural Countryside

Abstract:  Understanding the persistence mechanisms of tropical forest species in human-dominated landscapes is a fundamental challenge of tropical ecology and conservation. Many species, including more than half of Costa Rica's native land birds, use mostly deforested agricultural countryside, but how they do so is poorly known. Do they commute regularly to forest or can some species survive in this human-dominated landscape year-round? Using radiotelemetry, we detailed the habitat use, movement, foraging, and nesting patterns of three bird species, Catharus aurantiirostris , Tangara icterocephala , and Turdus assimilis , by obtaining 8101 locations from 156 individuals. We chose forest birds that varied in their vulnerability to deforestation and were representative of the species found both in forest and human-dominated landscapes. Our study species did not commute from extensive forest; rather, they fed and bred in the agricultural countryside. Nevertheless, T. icterocephala and T. assimilis , which are more habitat sensitive, were highly dependent on the remaining trees. Although trees constituted only 11% of land cover, these birds spent 69% to 85% of their time in them. Breeding success of C. aurantiirostris and T. icterocephala in deforested habitats was not different than in forest remnants, where T. assimilis experienced reduced breeding success. Although this suggests an ecological trap for T. assimilis , higher fledgling survival in forest remnants may make up for lower productivity. Tropical countryside has high potential conservation value, which can be enhanced with even modest increases in tree cover. Our findings have applicability to many human-dominated tropical areas that have the potential to conserve substantial biodiversity if appropriate restoration measures are taken.     

长三角典型城郊土壤抗生素空间分布的影响因素研究

阐明土壤抗生素的空间分布特征对于认识抗生素的空间扩散和迁移过程、控制土壤抗生素污染、维护土壤安全具有重要意义.本研究通过空间采样,系统分析了长三角地区典型城郊流域土壤抗生素的空间分布特征,并探讨了人类活动、土壤性质和微生物群落对土壤抗生素分布的影响.结果表明,农田土壤中抗生素含量显著高于园地和林地,其中,检出浓度顺序为:四环素类(TCs)喹诺酮类(QNs)大环内酯类(MLs)磺胺类(SAs),平均含量分别为41.43、11.38、0.15、0.09μg·kg~(-1),农田土壤抗生素含量与有机肥施用密切相关.Spearman相关分析结果表明,TCs、QNs、SAs及抗生素总含量与距城镇距离、距道路距离、海拔及C/N具有显著的负相关性(p0.05),表明这3类抗生素的空间分布受人类活动的强烈影响,而MLs含量与人类活动的关系则较弱.土壤养分、颗粒组成、pH、容重等对抗生素的吸附、迁移、降解等环境行为具有强烈的影响,其空间异质性影响了土壤抗生素空间分布的差异性.土壤微生物群落与土壤抗生素之间具有较为复杂的联系,研究发现,部分变形菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门及浮霉菌门细菌与土壤抗生素含量呈现负相关.方差分解分析揭示出土壤性质、人类活动及其相互作用是土壤抗生素空间分布的主要影响因素,对土壤抗生素分布空间变化的总解释度接近于58%,达到了较高水平.     

Fe (Ⅱ)对反硝化过程及其功能微生物群落的影响

以华南稻田土壤为研究对象,通过室内模拟控制实验,研究了Fe （Ⅱ）对厌氧稻田土壤中反硝化过程及其功能微生物群落结构组成与相对丰度的影响.结果表明,加入Fe （Ⅱ）减缓了土壤中NO₃^-的还原,但促进了NO₂^-的还原和N₂O的生成;同时Fe （Ⅱ）只在Soil+Fe （Ⅱ）+NO₃^-处理中发生氧化.通过定量PCR结果发现,Fe （Ⅱ）的加入提高了亚硝酸盐还原基因nirS和N₂O还原基因nosZ的拷贝数;但降低了细胞膜硝酸盐还原基因narG的拷贝数.通过高通量和克隆文库分析发现,Fe （Ⅱ）的加入主要对napA-周质硝酸盐还原微生物群落结构有明显影响,Soil+NO₃^-处理中优势菌是Dechloromonas,而Soil+Fe （Ⅱ）+NO₃^-处理中为Azonexus、Dechloromonas和Azospira.Fe （Ⅱ）对厌氧稻田中的反硝化过程及其功能微生物群落具有显著影响,这对了解华南红壤地区稻田体系中的氮元素循环与铁元素转化的关系具有重要意义.     

Water level fluctuations influence microbial communities and mercury methylation in soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Reservoirs tend to have enhanced methylmercury(MeHg) concentrations compared to natural lakes and rivers, and water level fluctuations can promote MeHg production. Until now, little research has been conducted on the effects of microorganisms in soils for the formation of MeHg during different drying and flooding alternating conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR). This study aimed to understand how water level fluctuations affect soil microbial composition and mercury concentrations, and if such microbial variations are related to Hg methylation. The results showed that MeHg concentrations and the ratios of MeHg to THg(MeHg%) in soils were higher in the seasonally drying and flooding alternating areas(DFAs, 175–155 m) than those in the non-inundated(NIAs, 175 m) and inundated areas(IAs, 145 m). However, MeHg% in all samples was less than 1%, indicating that the Hg methylation activity in the soils of the TGR was under a low level. 454 highthroughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons showed that soil bacterial abundance and diversity were relatively higher in DFA compared to those in NIA and IA, and microbial community composition varied in these three areas. At the family level, those groups in Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia that might have many Hg methylators were also showed a higher relative abundance in DFA, which might be the reason for the higher MeHg production in these areas. Overall, our results suggested that seasonally water level fluctuations can enhance the microbial abundance and diversity, as well as MeHg production in the TGR.