东洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落组成分析

2005年7月至2006年7月期间对东洞庭湖湿地鸟类进行了调查,共观察记录到208种,隶属于16目43科,同时对鸟类的区系组成、居留型、生态类型及重点保护鸟类进行了分析.图3,表3,参4.     

溪流底栖动物定量与半定量采样法比较研究

溪流底栖动物定量和半定量采样法在个体数、物种数、物种相似性及生物指数方面的比较研究表明:(1)急流生境中,半定量样(踢网)的个体和物种数高于定量样(索伯网);静水-缓流生境中,半定量样(D形网)的个体和物种数一般高于定量样,且物种数有显著差异(z=-2.032,P<0.05).(2)同一样点半定量样(踢网加D形网)与定量样之间的物种相似性(平均为0.68)高于急流生境(0.56)和静水-缓流生境(0.45).(3)同一样点半定量样和定量样单独计算的生物指数值之间无显著差异.建议在应用溪流底栖动物开展水质生物评价时,可用半定量采样法完成野外采样.图4表1参8     

When Agendas Collide: Human Welfare and Biological Conservation

Abstract:  Conservation should benefit ecosystems, nonhuman organisms, and current and future human beings. Nevertheless, tension among these goals engenders potential ethical conflicts: conservationists' true motivations may differ from the justifications they offer for their activities, and conservation projects have the potential to disempower and oppress people. We reviewed the promise and deficiencies of integrating social, economic, and biological concerns into conservation, focusing on research in ecosystem services and efforts in community-based conservation. Despite much progress, neither paradigm provides a silver bullet for conservation's most pressing problems, and both require additional thought and modification to become maximally effective. We conclude that the following strategies are needed to make conservation more effective in our human-dominated world. (1) Conservation research needs to integrate with social scholarship in a more sophisticated manner. (2) Conservation must be informed by a detailed understanding of the spatial, temporal, and social distributions of costs and benefits of conservation efforts. Strategies should reflect this understanding, particularly by equitably distributing conservation's costs. (3) We must better acknowledge the social concerns that accompany biodiversity conservation; accordingly, sometimes we must argue for conservation for biodiversity's sake, not for its direct human benefits.     

现代分子生物技术在废水菌群监测中的应用

荧光原位杂交、DNA指纹等现代分子生物技术在废水治理过程中得到了广泛的应用。对现代分子技术的分类及其在废水菌群监测中的应用进行了简要的论述,并通过各类技术间的比较,提出其潜在的问题及应用前景。     

Variability in the identification and enumeration of marine benthic invertebrate samples and its effect on benthic assessment measures

Studies designed to measure anthropogenic impacts on marine benthic communities depend on the ability of taxonomists to consistently discriminate, identify, and count benthic organisms. To quantify errors and discrepancies in identification and enumeration, 20 samples were completely reprocessed by another one of four participating laboratories. Errors were detected in 13.0% of the data records, affecting total abundance by 2.1%, numbers of taxa by 3.4%, and identification accuracy by 4.7%. Paired t-tests were used to test for differences in the Benthic Response Index (BRI), total abundance, numbers of taxa, and the Shannon-Wiener index between the original and the reanalysis data. Differences in the BRI were statistically insignificant. Although statistically significant differences were observed for numbers of taxa, total abundance, and the Shannon-Wiener index, the differences were small in comparison to the magnitude of differences typically observed between anthropogenically affected and reference sites.     

Spatial scales and probability based sampling in determining levels of benthic community degradation in the Chesapeake Bay

The extent of degradation of benthic communities of the Chesapeake Bay was determined by applying a previously developed benthic index of biotic integrity at three spatial scales. Allocation of sampling was probability-based allowing areal estimates of degradation with known confidence intervals. The three spatial scales were: (1) the tidal Chesapeake Bay; (2) the Elizabeth River watershed; and (3) two small tidal creeks within the Southern Branch of the Elizabeth River that are part of a sediment contaminant remediation effort. The areas covered varied from 10^–1 to 10⁴ km² and all were sampled in 1999. The Chesapeake Bay was divided into ten strata, the Elizabeth River into five strata and each of the two tidal creeks was a single stratum. The determination of the number and size of strata was based upon consideration of both managerially useful units for restoration and limitations of funding. Within each stratum 25 random locations were sampled for benthic community condition. In 1999 the percent of the benthos with poor benthic community condition for the entire Chesapeake Bay was 47% and varied from 20% at the mouth of the Bay to 72% in the Potomac River. The estimated area of benthos with poor benthic community condition for the Elizabeth River was 64% and varied from 52–92%. Both small tidal creeks had estimates of 76% of poor benthic community condition. These kinds of estimates allow environmental managers to better direct restoration efforts and evaluate progress towards restoration. Patterns of benthic community condition at smaller spatial scales may not be correctly inferred from larger spatial scales. Comparisons of patterns in benthic community condition across spatial scales, and between combinations of strata, must be cautiously interpreted.     

黄河三角洲不同类型湿地土壤盐分的剖面分异特征

为探究高强度人为干扰是否改变滨海湿地土壤盐分的剖面特征,采集黄河三角洲典型自然湿地和人为干扰湿地不同植物群落下的土壤剖面样品,进行实验室测定。运用单因素方差分析、非参数检验、聚类分析等方法,对土壤剖面含盐量及理化性状进行统计分析。结果显示：由陆向海湿地土壤从轻度盐渍化向盐土过渡,盐分剖面特征受人为活动影响显著,同时人为影响因植被类型而异。总体而言,人为干扰湿地土壤盐渍化程度高于自然湿地。土壤盐分剖面类型可划分为表聚型、震荡型和均匀型三种,空间上由海向陆土壤盐分剖面类型由表聚型、震荡型向均匀型转变。人为干扰湿地中的柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）群落和裸地土壤盐分表聚特征明显,属于表聚型剖面,表聚系数为63%,均匀型剖面占比最高,达到2/3。当地人为筑坝修路等建设活动,通过直接阻断或改变地形等方式削弱了湿地潮汐的水文连通过程,进而改变土壤含水率、容重等生境要素,可能成为影响盐分剖面特征的重要因素。通过闸阀调控、生态补水工程等水文连通恢复措施,改善湿地土壤盐碱化问题,有助于推动黄河三角洲滨海湿地的可持续发展与管理。     

长江支流桥边河大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物评价

中小河流数量众多,分布广泛,其健康状况将直接影响和决定着大江大河的生态系统健康,如何准确、合理的评估中小河流的健康状况,已经成为世界性的科学问题.本研究以长江一级支流桥边河为例,于2019年1月（枯水期）和8月（丰水期）在河道的上中下游设置8个采样点,进行桥边河大型底栖动物群落结构调查,利用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、耐污值法和科级生物指数法（FBI）分别对各样点进行水质生物评价.调查结果显示,枯水期采集到底栖动物17个分类单元,共283个底栖动物;丰水期采集到16个分类单元,共301个底栖动物,丰水期大型底栖动物个体数略高于枯水期.水质生物评价结果显示,桥边河水质状况时空差异性明显,丰水期的水质状况优于枯水期,空间尺度上丰枯水期水质状况均为上游段 > 中游段 > 下游段.3种水质生物评价法对比分析显示,FBI科级生物指数的评价结果与实际情况更吻合,更适合桥边河水质评价,其研究结果可为中小河流生态系统健康评价提供参考.     

Convergence of stakeholders’ environmental threat perceptions following mass coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef

Managing human use of ecosystems in an era of rapid environmental change requires an understanding of diverse stakeholders’ behaviors and perceptions to enable effective prioritization of actions to mitigate multiple threats. Specifically, research examining how threat perceptions are shared or diverge among stakeholder groups and how these can evolve through time is increasingly important. We investigated environmental threat perceptions related to Australia's Great Barrier Reef and explored their associations before and after consecutive years of mass coral bleaching. We used data from surveys of commercial fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents (n = 5254) conducted in 2013 and 2017. Threats perceived as most serious differed substantially among groups before bleaching but were strongly aligned after bleaching. Climate change became the most frequently reported threat by all stakeholder groups following the coral bleaching events, and perceptions of fishing and poor water quality as threats also ranked high. Within each of the 3 stakeholder groups, fishers, tourism operators, and coastal residents, the prioritization of these 3 threats tended to diverge in 2013, but convergence occurred after bleaching. These results indicate an emergence of areas of agreement both within and across stakeholder groups. Changes in perceptions were likely influenced by high-profile environmental-disturbance events and media representations of threats. Our results provide insights into the plasticity of environmental-threat perceptions and highlight how their convergence in response to major events may create new opportunities for strategic public engagement and increasing support for management.