人为扰动背景下城市边缘溪流底质硝化-反硝化潜力分析

2016年5月至2017年1月,在合肥城区东北部边缘某一溪流的自然状态段(情形1)、点源排污段(情形2)和水土流失段(情形3)设置6个采样点位,逐月采集水样和表层底质样,解析不同情形下溪流底质硝化-反硝化潜力及其变化特征,并进行差异性和影响因素分析.结果表明:(1)溪流底质硝化活性均值为0.381%,并以情形2底质硝化活性最高,情形1的夏季硝化活性相对最强、冬季最弱,情形2、3硝化活性高低排序为:春季夏季秋季冬季;(2)溪流底质硝化速率均值为0.364mg·(kg·d)~(-1),其中以情形2底质硝化速率最高,情形2、3的各采样点春季硝化速率显著最高,其它季节相差不大,情形1的各季节变化不很明显;(3)溪流底质反硝化活性为37.25%,反硝化速率为57.68 mg·(kg·d)~(-1),其中情形2底质反硝化活性和反硝化速率都高于相同季节的其他情形,情形1、2的反硝化活性和反硝化速率高低排序均为:夏季春季秋季冬季,情形3的反硝化活性和反硝化速率排序均为:春季夏季秋季冬季;(4)差异性分析表明,情形1、2在硝化速率方面存在极显著差异性,情形1、3在反硝化活性、反硝化速率方面存在极显著差异性,而情形2、3在硝化速率、反硝化活性和反硝化速率方面均呈现极显著差异性;(5)偏最小二乘回归分析表明,3种情形在硝化活性和硝化速率方面重要贡献因素差异较大.     

城市重污染河道水质及底栖附泥藻类生态特征

对苏州市古城区南园水系的水质和藻类1a的监测结果表明,研究区域水质污染主要以NH_4~+-N和TN的严重超标为特征,最大超标倍数可达到5倍以上[按地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)Ⅴ类水作为基准];经镜检,底栖附泥藻类共34种,种类数以硅、绿和蓝藻类占优势,其数量和生物量极高,达到2 145.5×10~4个/mL,生物量3.524 mg/mL,远高于相同点位浮游藻类监测结果,数量和生物量以硅藻和蓝藻占绝对优势;各门藻类在各河段中分布极不均匀,优势种群多属异养型或两型营养特征,且与河道的污染特征有较密切关系,这些典型藻类包括:蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)中的两栖颤藻(Oscillaria amphibian),硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)中的小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、直链藻(Melosira sp.)、冠盘藻(Stephanodiscus hantzschii)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)、异极藻(Gomphonema)等.其数量季节变化表现为:夏季>秋季>春季>冬季;而生物量则为:冬季最高,春、夏、秋相对较低,且变幅不大.相关研究成果可为城市重污染河道生态恢复提供参考.     

乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落与阴阳离子、重金属间的关系

首次对乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落组成特点进行定量系统研究,得知其组成基本上呈种类多、丰度小,种类少、丰度大的分布状况。对底栖硅藻丰度和八种离子、重金属间关系进行定量分析后知Hg元素是影响底栖硅藻丰度的第一显著因子,建立了底栖硅藻丰度-汞元素曲线回归方程。可为用硅藻监测、评价河流水质提供理论基础,并为水质预警的硅藻生物指标的研究提供科学依据。     

生活污水汞的排放及对市政污水中汞的贡献

对经市政管网排入北京某市政污水处理厂的生活污水进行了汞来源的调查研究。根据抽样定律确定了生活小区采样点的数量和位置,利用原子荧光光度计测定采样点的汞含量,并根据采样点的排水量计算采样点的汞排放量。结果表明：该区域生活小区污水中汞浓度与所处区域没有线性关系,且相关性不明显,汞污染呈面源污染的特点,该区域生活小区汞排放总量为376.8 g/d,对所属污水处理厂进水汞的贡献率为39.4%,表明生活小区是市政污水处理厂进水汞的主要来源,因此,从技术、管理、政策三方面对生活污水中汞的减排提出了对策和建议。     

Monitoring bioaccumulation and toxic e ects of hexachlorobenzene using the polyurethane foam unit method in the microbial communities of the Fuhe River,Wuhan

Hexachlorobenzene （HCB） is a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon that was widely used for seed dressing in prevention of fungal growth on crops, and also as a component of fireworks, ammunition, and synthetic rubbers. Because of its resistance to degradation and mobility, HCB is widely distributed throughout the environment and is accumulated through food chains in different ecosystems. In this study, a preliminary investigation was carried out on the bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of HCB in the microbial （protozoan in particular） communities in the Fuhe River, Wuhan, a water body receiving industrial wastewaters containing HCB and other pollutants, using the standardized polyurethane foam units （PFU） method. Field samples were taken from eight stations established along the Fuhe River in January and August 2006. The concentration ratios of HCB in microbial communities and in water were 9.66-18.64, and the microbial communities accumulated 13.29-56.88 μg/L of HCB in January and 0.82-10.25 μg/L HCB in August. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between the HCB contents in the microbial assemblage, and the number of species and the diversity index of the protozoan communities. This study demonstrated the applicability of the PFU method in monitoring the effects of HCB on the level of microbial communities.     

Performance and microbial community analysis of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system: Effect of activated sludge concentration

It was focused on the effect of different sludge concentrations on the performances of an algal-activated sludge symbiotic system in terms of wastewater treatment, algal-activated sludge characteristics and community structure. The results showed that the highest nutrient removal efficiencies were obtained in the reactor R~2 with soluble chemical oxygen demand(sC OD), ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) and phosphate(PO_4~(3-)-P) removal efficiencies of(90.6 ± 2.3)%,(97.69 ± 2.6)% and(83.81 ± 2.3)%, respectively. Further investigation exhibited that sludge concentration has a great effect on the dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration, the pH, the growth of algae and the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) production, which resulted in influencing the settleability and the performance of symbiotic system. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) analysis demonstrated that the sludge concentration had a selective power for particular members of algae. Meantime, the stimulated algal population would selectively excite the members of bacteria benefited for the formation of algal-bacterial consortia.The variation of microbial compositions, which was influenced by the different sludge concentrations, might be ultimately responsible for the different treatment performances.     

沉积物中五氯酚对底栖生物的急慢性毒性效应

以淡水底栖动物花翅羽摇蚊幼虫和淡水单孔蚓为研究对象,研究了沉积物中五氯酚对底栖生物的急慢性毒性效应。五氯酚对花翅羽摇蚊幼虫96 h及10 d的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为20.6 mg·kg-1和12.5 mg·kg-1,28 d羽化半数抑制浓度(EC50)为0.79 mg·kg-1。沉积物中五氯酚对花翅羽摇蚊幼虫的羽化具有延滞作用,而且对雌性摇蚊羽化的延滞作用大于雄性,最终导致羽化摇蚊的性别失衡。淡水单孔蚓对五氯酚的耐受力较摇蚊幼虫强。五氯酚对淡水单孔蚓的96 h及14 d的LC50分别为37.6 mg·kg-1和20.2 mg·kg-1,对淡水单孔蚓21 d生长抑制的EC50为1.39 mg·kg-1。研究结果对推导五氯酚沉积物质量基准和进行沉积物生态风险评价提供依据。     

沼液施用对麦稻茬口期土壤微生物群落结构特征及功能的影响

为揭示麦稻茬口期沼液施用对土壤微生物群落及功能的影响,通过土柱试验,设置麦秆还田后3种处理［无氮肥（CM）、常规施肥（SN）和添加沼液（SZ）］,采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了土壤淹水后1 d和21 d土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并对其功能进行预测.微生物多样性分析表明,1 d时各处理的真菌α多样性指数均显著高于21 d处理且各处理间无显著差异;21 d时各处理细菌Simpson指数开始出现差异,SZ-21处理的细菌Simpson指数高于SN-21处理,而细菌Chao1指数显著低于SN-21处理;细菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SN处理的厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门与其它处理差异较大,而21d时,SZ和SN处理的各细菌菌门相对丰度相似;真菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SZ处理中的子囊菌门和接合菌门相对丰度高于SN和CM处理;21 d时,SN和SZ处理的子囊菌门相对丰度均低于CM处理,而接合菌门的相对丰度均高于CM处理.NMDS分析表明,21 d时,SN和SZ处理的细菌和真菌群落组成均有逐渐相似的趋势.PICRUSt功能分析表明,不同时期和不同处理的土壤细菌群落在功能层上表现相似,FUNGuild功能预测反映SZ-21和SN-21处理的真菌功能主要差异体现在腐生营养型和病理营养型上.综上说明茬口期施沼液在一定程度上可以替代化肥平衡土壤养分和维持土壤生态功能,但仍可能存在真菌致病风险.     

Levels of community participation and satisfaction with decentralized wildlife management in Idodi-Pawaga Wildlife Management Area,Tanzania

Participatory approaches to conservation are viewed as a plausible alternative to the old ‘fortress conservation’ approach. The design and implementation of these approaches in developing countries have tended to embrace community participation through decentralized governance mechanisms in the past three decades. However, sustainable conservation approaches that maintain community livelihoods while conserving biodiversity are challenged with meeting both objectives. In addressing this challenge, little attention has been given to an empirical analysis of community’s satisfaction levels on how they participated in the design and implementation of this approach. In this article, we use a mixed method approach using both quantitative and qualitative data to examine levels of satisfaction and participation of local communities in the Idodi-Pawaga Wildlife Management Area (WMA), south-western Tanzania. We find that social economic factors (e.g. age, household size, gender, number of years living in the same location and participation/non-participation) influence, in different ways, the satisfaction levels of community’s participation towards the WMA creation. Due to inadequate participation, we find that the WMA design and implementation process failed from the beginning to actively involve the local communities and this has resulted in the near absence of the promised economic benefits from wildlife conservation. We suggest that participation should go beyond the simple information sharing to actively engage the local communities in key planning activities from the beginning of any WMA programme. It is also important to take into consideration their levels of satisfaction with the process of decision-making if meaningful decentralized governance is to be achieved.     

太湖东部水域浮游硅藻群落特征及其与环境因子关系

对太湖东部水域9个点位浮游硅藻的群落结构进行了分析。结果表明,9个点位的生物多样性处于一般到较丰富状态,其水质为中污染到轻污染;硅藻群落的物种丰富度、生物量和密度因水域地形特点、换水周期等因素出现差异,在半封闭水体中的物种丰富度较差,生物量和藻密度较高,优势种所指示的水质处于中等偏下水平。硅藻相对多度和各项环境因子冗余分析显示,总磷(TP)对群落的组成和分布影响显著。东北部水域浮游硅藻群落主要受到TP和浊度(NTU)的影响,东南部水域浮游硅藻群落受到TP和NTU的影响则很小。