孤东水库水体富营养化评价及其生态控制研究

对孤东水库水生物状况进行系统调查和水体富营养状态进行评价,在此基础上,提出了生态修复技术,通过理论计算与试验确定草食性和滤食性鱼类的投放量,并进行了围格试验.结果表明,孤东水库菹草优势度达80%,浮游植物量为22,32mg/L,单位面积上的总磷浓度是0.310 g/(m<'2>·a),水体处于富营养化状态,通过保持孤东水库鲢、鳙鱼的水体生物量在19-25 g/m<'3>左右,在9月藻类繁殖高峰期,生物量由14.6 mg/L降为3 mg/L.总磷、总氮和高锰酸盐指数年均值分别由生态控制前的0.06 mg/L、3.06 mg/L和4.42 mg/L降为0.03 mg/L、1.58 mg/L和3.73 mg/L,水库水质改善效果明显,同时下游水厂的单方水药耗也由生态控制前的42g/rn3降至25g/m<'3>.试验证明,通过采用合理投放草食性和滤食性鱼类的生态修复技术,可以有效控制水库富营养化状态,并取得显著的社会、经济效益.     

基于土壤中多环芳烃解吸特性的生物修复效果评价

采用XAD-2树脂辅助解吸方法测试了生物堆修复前后土壤中荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(a)芘、苯并苝这4种PAHs的解吸特性,并根据解吸结果进行了生物修复效果评价.结果表明,土壤中这4种PAHs的累计解吸量随解吸时间延长而增加,但解吸速率逐渐降低,符合"两阶段"解吸模型,生物修复前土壤中不同种类PAHs"快解吸"量占PAHs总量的32%～70%,修复后土壤中不同种类PAHs"快解吸"量占PAHs总量的14%～39%.经过6个月的生物修复,基于生物可利用含量变化的荧蒽、苯并(a)蒽、苯并(a)芘、苯并苝修复效率依次为82.9%、79.7%、64.9%、54.3%,,明显高于基于PAHs总含量的生物修复效率61.0%、51.7%、37.2%、38.7%.     

Effect of organic wastes on the plant-microbe remediation for removal of aged PAHs in soils

The effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be inhibited by low nutrients and organic carbon. To evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the PAHs removal efficiency of a plant-microbe remediation system, contaminated agricultural soils were amended with different dosages of sewage sludge (SS) and cattle manure (CM) in the presence of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and PAHs-degraders (Bacillus sp. and Flavobacterium sp.). The results indicated that the alfalfa mean biomasses varied from 0.56 to 2.23 g/pot in root dry weight and from 1.80 to 4.88 g/pot in shoot dry weight. Low dose amendments, with rates of SS at 0.1% and CM at 1%, had prominent effects on plant growth and soil PAHs degradation. After 60-day incubation, compared with about 5.6% in the control, 25.8% PAHs removal was observed for treatments in the presence of alfalfa and PAHs-degraders; furthermore, when amended with different dosages of SS and CM, the removed PAHs from soils increased by 35.5%-44.9% and 25.5%-42.3%, respectively. In particular, the degradation of high-molecular-weight PAHs was up to 42.4%. Dehydrogenase activities (DH) ranged between 0.41 and 1.83 μupg triphenylformazan/(g dry soil. hr) and the numbers of PAHs-degrading microbes (PDM) ranged from 1.14× 10⁶ to 16.6× 10⁶ most-probable-number/g dry soil. Further investigation of the underlying microbial mechanism revealed that both DH and PDM were stimulated by the addition of organic wastes and significantly correlated with the removal ratio of PAHs. In conclusion, the effect of organic waste application on soil PAHs removal to a great extent is dependent on the interactional effect of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in organic waste and soil microorganisms.     

堆肥化生物修复技术处理有毒有害固体废弃物的模拟研究

采用好氧堆肥法,分别于常温和高温条件下研究了人工模拟有害固体废弃物降解的动态过程,结果表明,以石油烃为污染基质的固定体废弃物,堆肥降解的适宜工艺条件为：温度５０－６０℃,含水率在６０％左右,Ｃ／Ｎ３５左右,通风量０．０５－０．１Ｎｍ＾３／（ｈ．ｍ＾３）,高温停留时间７ｄ,ＴＯＣ〉２０％。     

铬污染土壤修复技术研究进展

介绍了铬污染土壤修复技术的最新研究进展,讨论了化学修复、生物修复和电修复技术等方面的研究状况.特别指出的是,生物修复技术无二次污染,电修复技术能强化土壤中的传质过程,两者的耦合有可能在该领域取得突破.     

城市半封闭河道水体生态恢复试验

利用复合生态滤床、底泥生物氧化、水体生物修复和河道生态恢复等技术,对上海漕溪河富营养水体进行治理.结果表明,在每隔7～10 d间歇性流量300～400 m3/次的污水补水进量下,通过生物治理,消除了水体富营养和黑臭现象,从每个污水补给周期开始,3～4 d后COD、NH3-N、TP除去率分别达到50%、40%和55%以上,水体清澈见底.从2005年3～5月,河道生物多样性逐步增加,先后出现枝角类、桡足类动物和鱼类.表明对于已截污的城市半封闭河道,利用浸没式复合生态滤床对污水进行预处理,在此基础上,通过底泥生物氧化、水体增氧、河道生态恢复等措施,进行生物治理,可取得良好治理效果.本研究为城市半封闭河道的治理和养护提供了一套切实可行的方法.     

柴油污染土壤生物修复对土壤酶活性的影响

在柴油污染土壤的生物修复过程中,分析了土壤中柴油降解菌数量和3种土壤酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶)等生物活性指标与土壤中柴油去除率的相关性.结果表明,土壤受到柴油污染后的一段时间后过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶的活性上升,而后随着土壤中石油烃的降解,脂酶又不断降低.进一步分析表明脂酶活性与柴油降解率及柴油降解菌数量都具有很好的正相关性,可以采用土壤脂酶活性来指示柴油生物降解成效.     

生物强化技术在难降解有机物处理中的应用

介绍生物强化技术的原理、特点、发展及这一技术在难降解有机物处理方面的应用;讨论了这一技术在改善传统生物处理构筑物处理难降解有机物的效能、却降土壤及地地下水和地表水中难降解有机物的可行性;指出了目前存在的问题和今后物发展方向 。     

Oxidative dissolution of uraninite precipitated on Navajo sandstone

Column and batch experiments were conducted with sandstone and ground water samples to investigate oxidation of uraninite precipitated by microbially mediated reduction of U(VI), a contaminant in ground water beneath a uranium mill tailings site near Tuba City, AZ, USA. Uraninite precipitated together with mackinawite (FeS_0.9) because Fe(III) from the sandstone and sulfate, another contaminant in the water were reduced together with U(VI). After completion of U(VI) reduction, experiments were conducted to find out whether uraninite is protected by mackinawite against reoxidation. Uncontaminated ground water from the same site, containing 7 mg/l of dissolved oxygen, was passed through the columns or mixed with sandstone in batch experiments. The results showed that small masses of uraninite, 0.1 μg/g of sandstone, are protected by mackinawite from reoxidation. Uraninite masses on the order of 0.1 μg/g correspond to U(VI) concentrations of 0.5 mg/l, typically encountered in uranium contaminated ground waters. Mackinawite is an effective buffer and is formed in sufficient quantity to provide long-term protection of uraninite. Uranium concentrations in ground water passed through the columns are too low (4 μg/l) to distinguish between dissolution and oxidative dissolution of uraninite. However, batch experiments showed that uraninite oxidation takes place.     

难降解氯代有机物污染环境的生物修复技术研究进展

氯代有机物是一类在生产和生活中广泛应用并被大量排放到环境中的难降解有机污染物质,一旦进入生态环境,就会在水体、土壤和底质中长期残留,并在食物链中不断积累、富集,从而对生物体产生危害。因此,对受这类难降解有机物污染的环境修复是目前所迫切需要解决的环境问题之一。基于物理和化学修复方法成本较高易造成二次污染,文中探讨了国内外生物修复技术的研究进展,并对难降解氯代有机物污染环境修复的研究方向进行了展望,由于环境中的污染物质复杂多变,联合生物修复技术将成为未来的研究热点。