Reduction of hexavalent chromium using fungi and bacteria isolated from contaminated soil and water samples

The reductive adsorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) using six indigenous microorganisms isolated from contaminated soil and water samples was investigated. Quantification of Cr⁶⁺ reduction was determined using the 1,5-diphenylcarbazide method followed measuring the absorbance at OD₅₄₀. Bacterial isolates identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus firmus and Mycobacterium sp. were capable of absorbing Cr⁶⁺ efficiently into their biomass, whereas the fungal isolates, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sp. and A. niger were capable of transforming Cr⁶⁺ to Cr³⁺ relative to cell-wall-binding properties. Infrared spectral analysis of functional groups showed that ?OH, ?NH₂ and C?O with conjugated ?NH were the binding groups responsible for adsorption of Cr⁶⁺ within the biomass of isolates. The data highlight the promising biotechnological application of these isolates in removing carcinogenic and mutagenic Cr⁶⁺ from contaminated ecosystems.     

Evaluation of the capacity of the cyanobacterium Microcystis novacekii to remove atrazine from a culture medium

The bioaccumulation of atrazine and its toxicity were evaluated for the cyanobacterium Microcystis novacekii. Cyanobacterial cultures were grown in WC culture medium with atrazine at 50, 250 and 500 μg L^?1. After 96 hours of exposure, 27.2% of the atrazine had been removed from the culture supernatant. Spontaneous degradation was found to be insignificant (< 9% at 500 μg L^?1), indicating a high efficiency for the bioaccumulation of atrazine by M. novacekii. There were no atrazine metabolites detected in the culture medium at any of the doses studied. The acute toxicity (EC₅₀) of atrazine to the cyanobacterium was 4.2 mg L^?1 at 96 hours demonstrating the potential for M. novacekii to tolerate high concentrations of this herbicide in fresh water environments. The ability of M. novacekii to remove atrazine combined with its tolerance of the pesticide toxicity showed in this study makes it a potential biological resource for the restoration of contaminated surface waters. These findings support continued studies of the role of M. novacekii in the bioremediation of fresh water environments polluted by atrazine.     

A Kinetic Study of Aerobic Propane Uptake and Cometabolic Degradation of Chloroform, cis-Dichloroethylene and Trichloroetylene in Microcosms with Groundwater/Aquifer Solids

The focus of this study was to compare the behavior of different consortiums of aerobic propane-utilizing microorganisms, with respect to both the lag time for growth after exposure to propane, and their ability to transform three chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs): chloroform (CF), cis-dichloroethylene (c-DCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE). Thirty-three slurry microcosms, representing seven combinations of aquifer solids and groundwater were constructed for this study. The lag time required for establishing propane-utilizing consortiums ranged between 24 and 29 days in 6 of the 7 combinations. Kinetic tests were performed with respect to propane utilization and CAH transformation. After CAH exposure, the ability of the microorganisms to metabolize propane was significantly reduced. CF and TCE were transformed more slowly than c-DCE, the average values of the initial transformation rates being equal to 0.10 ± 0.04, 0.09 ± 0.05 and 0.98 ± 0.18 mol/(L h),respectively. CF caused the greatest reduction in propane uptake rates, whereas c-DCE exhibited an apparently reversible negative effect on propane uptake rates. The estimates of the Monod half-saturation constants relative to CF, TCE and c-DCE resulted in the 2–3 mol/L range, but were characterized by a high degree of uncertainty.     

一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌JY78的筛选及其脱氮特性研究

从水源水库沉积物中筛选出一株高效异养硝化-好氧反硝化细菌JY78,以乙酸钠为碳源,分别以硝酸钠、氯化铵为唯一氮源研究菌株JY78的好氧反硝化、异养硝化特性。结果表明,经过72 h的反硝化过程,JY78对硝氮的去除率达到83.65%,总氮去除率达到58.46%;经过36 h的硝化过程,菌株对氨氮的去除率达到93.53%,总氮去除率达到76.15%。通过形态观察、生理生化分析及16S rRNA测序分析,JY78为不动杆菌Acinetobacter oleivorans。利用响应曲面法研究了p H值、温度、溶解氧和C/N比四因素交互作用对菌株反硝化特性的影响。结果表明,菌株JY78脱氮的最优条件为:C/N比8.0,温度22.57℃,转速37.94 r/min,初始p H值8.15。在此条件下硝氮能够达到最大去除率89.79%。同时,菌株JY78可以耐受低C/N比及低温条件。研究表明,菌株JY78具有突出的异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力,在处理微污染水源水方面具有应用潜力。     

石油污染海岸线生物修复技术研究进展

介绍了生物修复、生物强化和生物刺激的基本概念。综述了基于生物强化和生物刺激技术处理石油污染海岸线的研究进展,并指出不同处理技术的优势与不足。分析了影响溢油污染海岸线生物修复的重要因素,包括石油类型、波浪和水流能量、温度、盐度、氧气含量等。对今后研究的主要方向进行了展望。     

石油污染土壤微生物修复过程中植物毒性变化规律

植物幼苗生长发育和叶片的生化指标能综合反映土壤石油污染的程度及其生态毒性的强弱.为探究植物对石油污染土壤生态毒性的指示效果和污染土壤在生物修复过程中毒性的变化规律,本研究采用3株对石油烃具有良好降解效果的降解菌构建混合菌体系,开展石油污染土壤模拟微生物修复实验.文章考察了5种典型植物指示不同修复时期土壤生态毒性强弱的可行性与敏感性,并进一步从生态学角度揭示修复过程中石油污染土壤生态毒性的变化规律.结果表明,小麦和萝卜相对于莴苣、黑麦草和小青菜而言,更适宜作为石油污染土壤的指示生物.石油污染土壤的生态毒性随着微生物修复过程的进行呈先上升后下降的趋势,石油污染土壤生态毒性在修复的第8 d达到最大.不同的供试植物对石油污染的响应存在一定的差异.小麦和萝卜的生长发育指标能较为敏感地指示石油污染土壤在微生物修复过程中的生态毒性,可作为石油污染土壤微生物修复效果的指示生物.     

墨汁鬼伞对重金属铅离子的耐受与富集作用及其在铅离子胁迫下的差异表达蛋白鉴定

铅是已知毒性最大的重金属污染物之一,具有极强的积累性和不可逆性.生物修复环境重金属污染以其成本低、能实现对重金属回收等特点被认为是最有前景的修复技术.墨汁鬼伞被认为具有富集重金属离子的能力,本文首先通过在含Pb~(2+)的固体培养基上培养墨汁鬼伞分析了墨汁鬼伞对不同浓度Pb~(2+)的耐受能力,结果表明当Pb~(2+)浓度低于50 mg·L~(-1)的情况下,墨汁鬼伞的生长不会受到影响;随着Pb~(2+)浓度提高,墨汁鬼伞生长缓慢,菌丝稀疏,菌落形状不规则;当浓度高于500 mg·L~(-1)时,墨汁鬼伞生长明显被影响,并产生色素.进一步分析墨汁鬼伞对不同浓度Pb~(2+)的富集能力表明即使在Pb~(2+)浓度高达800 mg·L~(-1)的情况下,墨汁鬼伞仍然可以富集培养基中的94.7%的Pb~(2+).此外通过分析墨汁鬼伞的差异蛋白,鉴定到一个受Pb~(2+)诱导的14-3-3类蛋白.以上研究表明墨汁鬼伞可以用于环境重金属污染的生物修复.     

石油污染土壤的原位生物修复技术和多种土壤改良剂应用研究

土壤中的石油污染是一类严重的环境危害.针对石油污染的土壤修复技术有物理法、化学法和生物法.其中原位生物修复法由于简易性和生态可持续等优点成为了具有前景的一个发展方向.土壤改良剂的选取和添加是原位生物修复法中重要的一个部分,对生物修复的改进起到了至关重要的作用.土壤改良剂的种类有无机改良剂、有机改良剂和吸附性改良剂.以N、P、K为主的无机改良剂主要为生物生长提供营养元素;有机改良剂则可提高石油污染物流动性,提供生物碳源;吸附改良剂则通过吸附污染物,减少毒性,提供生物生长依附.通过对不同种类改良剂的分析和讨论,可为生物修复发展提供进一步的理论基础.     

古廖涌黑臭水体生物修复及维护试验

利用生物氧化塘、底泥生物氧化、水体生物修复和河道生态恢复等技术，对广州市古廖涌黑臭水体进行治理．结果表明，在进水流量5000～8000m^3／d的高负荷工业废水和生活污水冲量下，通过生物治理，消除了水体黑臭现象，从上游到下游，水色由暗黄逐步转为黄、黄绿；在上游不断流入污水情况下，CODcr除去率达50％以上，NH3-N除去率为70％，H2S除去率达80％以上．从2003年8月到2004年3月，河道生物多样性逐步增加，先后出现枝角类、桡足类动物和鱼类．表明对于暂时无法截污的城郊河道，可以利用废弃的鱼塘、空地等对污水进行预处理，再通过上述措施和技术进行生物治理，可取得良好治理效果．本研究为城市黑臭河道，特别是暂时无法截污的城郊河道的治理和养护提供了一套切实可行的方法．图3参18     

石油烃类污染土壤的生物修复技术研究进展

介绍了治理石油烃类污染土壤的各种生物修复技术——原位处理法、异位处理法(现场处理法、预制床法、堆制处理法、生物反应器、厌氧生物处理法)及植物修复技术的原理、研究、应用的最新进展；分析了生物修复技术的影响因素及未来的发展趋势。