环境生物技术的研究现状及发展趋势

进入21世纪以来,减轻环境污染和遏制生态恶化趋势已成为人们关注的焦点.为了满足人们对清洁的土壤、空气和水环境的需要,当今世界各国无不大力发展环境生物技术.介绍了环境生物技术的形成发展,着重分析了环境生物技术的研究现状及其发展趋势.     

细菌还原U(VI)分子生物学机理的研究进展

铀（U）污染对生态环境和人类健康的潜在危害受到越来越多的关注.U（VI）还原细菌可将U（VI）还原至U（IV）,从而降低铀在水中的溶解性和移动性,达到污染修复的目的.目前发现的U（VI）还原细菌主要包括但不限于铁还原菌和硫酸盐还原菌.本文综述了细菌还原U（VI）的分子生物学机理,重点阐述了U（VI）还原细菌的胞外电子转移方式,包括希瓦氏菌的金属还原方式、土杆菌的孔蛋白介导方式和微生物纳米线方式.竞争性电子受体和共存离子对细菌还原U（VI）有重要影响.目前细菌还原U（VI）过程中胞外电子转移的机理仍需更多实证,土杆菌利用微生物纳米线和细胞色素协作调控电子转移的机制尚不明确.今后可将研究聚焦于细菌还原U（VI）机理的验证和完善,并开发和优化基于微生物还原的铀污染修复技术,进而提高铀污染生物修复效率和稳定性.     

Potential and Limitations of Microbial Reductive Dechlorination for Bioremediation Applications

Current knowledge and recent advances in the area of microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated organic compounds are summarized. Factors which may limit the efficacy of the dechlorination process for the in situ bioremediation of contaminated soil and sediment systems are identified. Results of recent studies on the anaerobic biotransformation of soil-sorbed chlorinated ethenes and sediment-sorbed chlorinated benzenes are provided to illustrate how low contaminant bioavailability may control the rate and extent of dechlorination in subsurface systems, especially those with long-term contamination. Use of nonionic, polysorbate surfactants as the sole electron donors of a mixed, methanogenic culture supported the microbial sequential reductive dechlorination of either free or sediment-bound hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to primarily 1,3-dichlorobenzene, but did not enhance the bioavailability of sediment-bound HCB as compared to microcosms, which used glucose. Because current knowledge on the interactions of dechlorinating populations with other microbial populations in the presence of alternative terminal electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, Fe³⁺ , Mn⁴⁺) is limited, such interactions and their effect on the dechlorination process in subsurface systems need to be further explored to improve our understanding of the reductive dechlorination process in complex environmental systems and lead to the development of more efficient in situ bioremediation technologies and strategies.     

The Potential Use of Chicken-Drop Micro-Organisms for Oil Spill Remediation

An examination of chicken-drop micro-organisms for oil spill remediation is presented in this work. The chicken droppings contained aerobic heterotrophs (1.2×10⁸ CFU g^–1), total fungi (3.4×10⁴ CFU g^–1) and crude oil (transniger pipeline crude, TNP) degrading bacteria (1.5×10⁶ CFU g^–1). The crude oil degraders were identified as species of Micrococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Proteus, Klebsiella, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Penicillium. Pseudomonas aeruginosa CDB-06 and species of Bacillus CDB-08 and Penicillium CDF-10 degraded the crude oil at exceedingly high rates. Pseuedomonas aeruginosa CDB-06 degraded 65.5 percent of the crude oil after 16 days, while Bacillus sp. CDB-08, and Penicillium sp. CDF-10 degraded 65.3 percent, and 53.3 percent, respectively of the crude oil over the same period. The chicken droppings also had a pH 7.3, 18.5 percent moisture content, 2.3 percent total nitrogen, and 0.5 percent available phosphorus. Addition of oil polluted soil (10 percent (v/w) pollution level) with chicken droppings enhanced degradation of the crude oil in the soil. 68.2 percent of the crude oil was degraded in the soil amended with chicken droppings, whereas only 50.7 percent of the crude oil was degraded in the unamended soil after 16 days. The amendment raised the acidic reaction (pH 5.7) of the oil-polluted soil to alkaline (pH 7.2) within 16 days. Chicken droppings could, therefore, be used in an integrated oil pollution abatement program.     

春冬季节对堆肥修复多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤的影响

采用强制通风堆肥法修复多环芳烃PAHs(16种)污染土壤,比较了春季和冬季时堆肥法对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,冬季时受污染土壤中PAHs降解率高于春季,1号堆料[m(土壤)∶ m(猪粪)∶ m(锯末)=1∶ 1∶ 1(干重)]和2号堆料[m(土壤)∶ m(猪粪)∶ m(锯末)=1∶3∶1(干重)]的总PAHs降解率>70%,但1号堆料的总PAHs降解率(74.61%)高于2号堆料,低、中和高环三类PAHs的降解率分别为66.46%、 79.12%和75.88%;堆肥过程结束后,受污染土壤(干重)中大部分PAHs残留量均≤1000 μg/kg,但苯并[b]荧蒽在春季试验的残留量较高,它在1号和2号堆料的残留量分别为25000 μg/kg和20000 μg/kg,而它在冬季2个堆体的残留量均低于5000 μg/kg;堆肥修复污染土壤过程中总PAHs降解的一级反应动力学拟合结果表明,冬季拟合程度高于春季,R2>0.6,半衰期约为13 d.     

Arsenic removal from contaminated soil via biovolatilization by genetically engineered bacteria under laboratory conditions

In Rhodopseudomonas palustris, an arsM gene, encoding bacterial and archaeal homologues of the mammalian Cyt19 As(III) S-adenosylmethionine methytransferase, was regulated by arsenicals. An expression of arsM was introduced into strains for the methylation of arsenic. When arsM was expressed in Sphingomonas desiccabilis and Bacillus idriensis, it had 10 folds increase of methyled arsenic gas compared to wild type in aqueous system. In soil system, about 2.2%–4.5% of arsenic was removed by biovolatilization during 30 days. This study demonstrated that arsenic could be removed through volatilization from the contaminated soil by bacteria which have arsM gene expressed. These results showed that it is possible to use microorganisms expressing arsM as an inexpensive, efficient strategy for arsenic bioremediation from contaminated water and soil.     

草炭强化对油田陈化油泥生物修复工程效果的影响

以草炭为生物基质,与陈化油泥按质量比1:1混合,采用现场土耕法研究草炭对陈化油泥强化生物降解的影响。经过26个月的现场试验,结果表明,草炭能显著提高陈化油泥的生物修复效果。陈化油泥中总石油烃(TPH)的降解率为38.9%;其理化性质得到显著改善,盐碱浓度显著降低(pH由8.7降至6.9,全盐量由20.3g/kg降至7.3g/kg),有机质浓度增加17.3%,有效态氮、有效态磷、有效态钾营养元素浓度显著增加;与陈化油泥自然衰减结果相比,草炭强化生物修复能提高微生物数量和生物的多样性。     

溢油污染海岸线生物修复措施现场应用效果评价

在2008年5月~9月于渤海湾天津海岸线进行了人工模拟溢油条件下的生物修复现场实验,考察了添加水溶性性肥料、添加缓释肥料以及同时添加缓释肥料和石油烃降解菌剂对油污染物生物降解的影响。结果表明,三种处理的石油烃降解率比对照分别提高0.9、1.2和1.8倍;添加营养盐导致基质间隙水中的营养盐浓度能明显增大,石油烃降解菌数量显著增高。其中,添加缓释肥料的体系可以在较长时间内保持间隙水中高营养盐水平;而同时添加缓释肥料和菌剂的体系不仅显著提高了石油烃降解菌的初始密度,而且可以在较长时间内维持间隙水中营养盐较高浓度。这表明营养盐缺乏是限制现场石油烃降解的主要因素,添加营养盐可以显著提高溢油污染的生物修复效率,而同时添加缓释肥料和菌剂的强化措施最为有效。     

爆炸物污染土壤中2，4-DNT和2，6-DNT的生物降解中试研究

设计采用包括土壤生物降解、反硝化以及循环混合系统构成的中试流程,模拟原位生物修复工艺,依靠污染土壤自身的生物降解过程去除2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT) 和2,6-二硝基甲苯(2,6-DNT).结果表明,即使在温度较低的条件下（8～15℃）,2,4-DNT 和2,6-DNT仍可以被完全去除.两者虽然属于同分异构体,但前者的生物降解速率大大高于后者.系统可以维持自身的碱度平衡和保证无机营养供应,无需调节或补充;反硝化能够正常进行,从而防止亚硝酸根在系统内积累抑制DNT生物降解,但要彻底去除亚硝酸根及硝酸根,需要外加碳源.     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂产生菌的分离及特性研究

从石油污染土壤中分离筛选获得一株产生生物表面活性剂菌株Y8A,经生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列分析等将其鉴定为芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）.Y8A能在22h内将发酵液的表面张力从68.3mN·m-1降到23.5 mN·m-1.经TLC和傅立叶红外光谱分析, 菌株Y8A产生的生物表面活性剂为脂肽类.20mg·L-1 Ca2+和Fe2+能显著促进其生长和表面活性剂的产生;菌株Y8A在20～30℃,pH 5～12范围内产生表面活性剂的能力较强;LB培养基中添加1%乳糖对生长的影响不大,但能够明显促进Y8A产生生物表面活性剂,而葡萄糖、蔗糖抑制表面活性剂的产生.Y8A能够促进石油降解菌Y1D和F11对石油的降解和功夫菊酯降解菌ZZH对功夫菊酯的生物降解.