Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Selected Tissues of Crab, Oziotelphusa Senex Senex (Fabricius) Under Fenvalerate-Induced Stress

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism in hepatopancreas and muscle of the crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex exposed to a sublethal concentration (0.2 ppm) of fenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide, were studied. the glycogen and total carbohydrate levels decreased significantly in the tissues of crab exposed to fenvalerate. an increase in phosphorylase 'a' and decrease in aldolase activity levels suggested increased glycogenolysis, and decreased glycolysis during fenvalerate toxicity. Krebs cycle enzymes such as NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were decreased, suggesting reduced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was increased significantly, indicating enhanced oxidation of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was elevated indicating the development of anaerobic conditions at tissue level in the stressed crab. Cytochrome C oxidase and Mg2+ ATPase activity levels were also decreased, indicating the impaired energy synthesis and prevalence of energy crisis. These results suggest that fenvalerate has a profound effect on the glucose metabolism of crab.     

厌氧条件下活性翠蓝生物降解性能研究

通过试通,考察厌氧条件下金属络合型活性染料活性翠蓝的生物降解过程,表明活性翠蓝的厌氧降解过程是氧菌对活性翠蓝与葡萄糖产生共代谢作用的结果,通过4因素3水平正交试验,厌氧条件下pH值,葡萄糖浓度,染料浓度对活性翟蓝降解率的影响是显著的,而污泥浓度的影响不显著,经正交试验确定,当pH＝6,葡萄糖浓度＝0.5g/L,染料浓主工＝20mg/L时,有利于达到较高的活性翠蓝降解率。     

无人机遥感调查黄河源玛多县岩羊数量及分布

本研究于2017年利用无人机航拍调查对黄河源玛多县县域内的岩羊种群数量进行了估算,并对其分布规律进行了研究。无人机航拍共获取影像23784张,有效面积326.6 km~2,通过目视解译,获取样带内的岩羊种群数量为203只,种群密度为0.6215只/km~2。通过推算,得到玛多县岩羊种群数量为8968只。对玛多县岩羊分布位置与环境因子的分析结果显示:岩羊偏好于选择海拔为4100～4200 m、距公路大于3 km、距悬崖峭壁200 m以内的区域活动。本研究利用无人机航拍样带调查估算黄河源玛多县岩羊种群数量与密度,并结合ArcGIS软件对其生境进行分析,将3S技术与野生动物调查相结合,为青藏高原地区大型野生动物相关研究提供了新思路。     

利用硫铁矿烧渣和硫酸铵废液制备铵铁蓝

将氨法制铁黄所产生的硫酸铵废液净化后,加入硫铁矿烧渣制备得到的硫酸亚铁得到硫酸亚铁和硫酸铵混合溶液,其硫酸亚铁和硫酸铵Ё浓度分别为0.346和0.173 mol·L-1.按照硫酸亚铁与亚铁氰化钠物质的量比为1.15:1,将硫酸亚铁和硫酸铵混合溶液加入浓度为0.200 mol·L-1的亚铁氰化钠溶液中,80℃下反应10 min得到白浆.将所得白浆在100℃下热煮1 h,加入质量分数为50%的硫酸溶液酸煮2 h,降温至70℃后加入质量分数为10%的氯酸钠溶液氧化3 h得到铁蓝.将铁蓝过滤、洗涤、干燥、研磨得到铵铁蓝粉末.实验所得铵铁蓝质量优于国家标准GB 1860-88及HG/T 3001-1999行业标准.SEM实验表明,铵铁蓝颗粒大小均匀、粒径约为20 nm;XRD实验表明,铵铁蓝具有与Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3相同的立方晶体结构.     

用杀藻剂抑制湖泊蓝藻水华的尝试

近 年来，各 种污染 导 致滇 池 水 体的 水 质呈 现 严 重的 富 营养 化 状 态， 蓝藻 泛 滥， 水 面 藻如 浮油。在一般 区 域 内， 藻 量 ５ ０００ ～７ ０００ 万 个／ Ｌ、叶 绿 素 － ａ ４００ ｍ ｇ／ ｍ ３ 、 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄ Ｃｒ１８ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ、 Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５１６ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ、透明 度３２ｃ ｍ 。在藻类 滋生的严 重的水域 ，藻量高 达１２ ０００ 万 个／ Ｌ， 水体 透明 度为 零。１９９８年５ 月至 ６ 月在云 南省昆明 市 滇池 外 海及 草海 ，采 用 Ｂ Ｃ ６５５ 杀藻 剂 进行 了现 场 杀藻 试 验。 试验结果表 明，在藻 类繁殖最 严重的区 域投加 杀藻 剂６ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 时杀 藻率 达７８ ％ 以 上； 投加 量 １５ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 时杀藻率 达９０ ％ 以上 ；用絮凝剂 除去部 分蓝藻后 ，只需投 加３ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ，杀藻率即 可达到 ９９ ％ 以上     

NOAA卫星监测巢湖蓝藻水华的试验分析

采用实地水质采样分析、水面光谱测量等实地监测 ,并结合NOAA气象卫星遥感信息 ,对巢湖水华进行星地同步调查监测。结果表明 ,蓝藻叶绿素的存在使得进入近红外波段水体反射率明显上升 ,基于这一光谱特性以及蓝藻特有的漂浮特性 ,可利用NOAA卫星监测巢湖等内陆大面积的严重污染湖泊蓝藻水华的分布状况。     

固定化无花果曲霉对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色

采用海藻酸钙法固定不同状态无花果曲霉，形成活菌固定化小球和死菌固定化小球。同时考察了不同因素如培养时间、温度、pH、染料浓度对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色影响。试验结果表明：在33℃、pH为5．0、150r／min的振荡条件下，经66h它对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色达到最佳效果。两种不同状态固定化小球的脱色率有较大的差别，其中活菌固定化小球的脱色率明显高于死菌固定化小球。其中活菌固定化小球经3次脱色后能重复使用，脱色率仍达79．8％。     

Time constraints and multiple choice criteria in the sampling behaviour and mate choice of the fiddler crab,Uca annulipes

Active female sampling occurs in the fiddler crab Uca annulipes. Females sample the burrows of several males before remaining to mate in the burrow of the chosen partner. Females time larval release to coincide with the following nocturnal spring tide and must therefore leave sufficient time for embryonic development after mating. Here we show how this temporal constraint on search time affects female choosiness. We found that, at the start of the sampling period (when time constraints are minimal), females selectively sample the larger males in the population. Towards the end of the sampling period (when the temporal constraints increase the costs of sampling), females are less selective. Furthermore, we suggest that the number of males sampled (and other indices of ‘‘sampling effort’’) may not be reliable indicators of female choosiness and may not reflect the strength of female mating preferences under certain conditions. Burrow quality also emerged as an important criterion in final mate choice. Burrow structure potentially influences reproductive success, and mate acceptance based on burrow structure appears to involve a relatively invariant threshold criterion. Since there is no relationship between male size and burrow quality, females are using at least two independent criteria when choosing potential mates. We envisage mate choice as a two-stage process. First, females select which males to sample based on male size. They then decide whether or not to mate with a male based on burrow features. This sampling process explains how two unrelated variables can both predict male mating success. Received: 23 March 1995/Accepted after revision: 14 January 1996     

电气石在环境领域的最新应用研究：处理雅格素蓝BF-BR染料废水

在氧化剂(H2O2)的协同作用下,电气石对雅格素蓝BF-BR染料废水具有良好的脱色能力,脱色率与电气石用量、氧化剂用量、水浴温度、作用时间呈正相关性,溶液pH值为2和12时,脱色率最大.正交实验优化了工艺条件:氧化剂用量1.5 mL、作用时间9 min、电气石用量1g、水浴温度363 K、pH=2,此时脱色率可达到100%.动力学研究表明:雅格素蓝BF-BR染料废水的脱色反应为一级反应,其反应表观动力学方程为:-lnCR=0.36733t-lnC0(R=0.9827),反应速率常数为k=0.36733 min-1,反应半衰期为t1/2=1.887 min.机理的初步分析表明:脱色过程是矿物催化-类芬顿反应.     

Inter-sexual contests in the hermit crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagurus bernhardus</Emphasis>: females fight harder but males win more encounters

Contests often occur between members of the same sex when they compete for access to mates, but inter-sexual contests may occur over access to other essential resources such as food or shelter. Despite the possibility that such contests are common, most studies focus on male fighting, and very few have analysed fights between males and females. Because males and females differ physically and physiologically, fighting ability or resource-holding potential (RHP) may also be subject to inter-sexual variation. In this study, we investigate size-controlled inter-sexual contests over the ownership of empty gastropod shells in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. During these fights, there are two roles, attacker and defender, and we use a fully orthogonal experimental design to compare the performance of males and females in each role, when fighting either a male or female opponent. Although females fight more intensely, male attackers have an advantage when compared to females playing the attacker role, as they are more likely to evict the defender from its shell and thus win the resource. Further, in the defender role, male defenders are subject to shorter attacks than female defenders. The differences in agonistic performance could not be attributed to differences in perceived resource value between the sexes or to differences in body or weapon size. There are clear differences in the agonistic behaviour of males and females, and this possibility should be incorporated into models of contest behaviour. In particular, evolutionarily stable strategies may be expected to vary with sex ratios.