SAS/IPPA/AA三元共聚物对碳酸钙阻垢性能的研究

以水为溶剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,丙烯磺酸钠、异丙烯膦酸和丙烯酸为单体,合成了三元共聚物丙烯磺酸钠/异丙烯膦酸/丙烯酸(SAS/ IPPA/AA),研究了共聚物在不同水质条件下对CaCO3的阻垢性能,探讨了共聚物浓度、pH值、钙离子浓度、碳酸根离子浓度和温度等条件对CaCO3的阻垢性能的影响,结果显示,在共聚物用量为18mg·l-1时,可使阻垢率达到100%.     

六价铬化合物的肝脏毒性及其作用机制研究进展

六价铬化合物普遍存在于环境中,并被广泛应用于多种工业生产中,由此引发的铬污染及健康问题已经引起了人们的重视。作为体内代谢及解毒的重要场所,肝脏是Cr(Ⅵ)毒性作用的靶器官之一。本文对Cr(Ⅵ)化合物在环境中的污染来源与污染状况、机体内吸收、分布与代谢及对肝脏的毒性损害及其作用机制的研究现状加以综述。     

电石遇潮湿空气易燃危险性的评估方法及预防措施研究

针对电石遇潮湿空气释放乙炔的危险特性,以潮湿空气与电石粉尘及电石粉尘堆垛表面接触的方式,替代传统的遇湿易燃危险性测试方法,拟合得到了乙炔气体释放速率随潮湿空气相对湿度变化的方程式,提出了将乙炔气体浓度控制在低于发生火灾爆炸危险区域的潮湿空气相对湿度和稀释乙炔气体浓度的氮气保护进气流量(Q)计算公式。结果表明:电石遇潮湿空气释放乙炔气体的浓度受温度和相对湿度的影响,根据不同温度条件下潮湿空气中水汽的分压(Ps)和乙炔气体的密度(ρ乙炔),可计算得到一定气相空间内电石遇潮湿空气释放乙炔气体的浓度;潮湿空气的相对湿度可以有效表征乙炔气体的释放量,用于评估在一定气相空间内电石遇潮湿空气释放乙炔气体发生火灾爆炸的可能性。     

丁二酸钠对氯化钙和水玻璃溶液的渗透性影响

采用正向渗透试验方法测定了氯化钙和水玻璃溶液添加丁二酸钠后溶液在粉尘介质中的渗透规律。该研究结果可有效利用氯化钙和水玻璃进行固土抑尘。     

Functionalization of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dot: A sustainable carbon-based catalyst for the production of cyclic carbonate from epoxide and CO2

A series of organic compounds were successfully immobilized on an N-doped graphene quantum dot (N-GQD) to prepare a multifunctional organocatalyst for coupling reaction between CO₂ and propylene oxide (PO). The simultaneous presence of halide ions in conjunction with acidic- and basic-functional groups on the surface of the nanoparticles makes them highly active for the production of propylene carbonate (PC). The effects of variables such as catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and structure of substituents are discussed. The proposed catalysts were characterized by different techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (FESEM/EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Under optimal reaction conditions, 3-bromopropionic acid (BPA) immobilized on N-GQD showed a remarkable activity, affording the highest yield of 98% at 140°C and 10⁶ Pa without any co-catalyst or solvent. These new metal-free catalysts have the advantage of easy separation and reuse several times. Based on the experimental data, a plausible reaction mechanism is suggested, where the hydrogen bonding donors and halogen ion can activate the epoxide, and amine functional groups play a vital role in CO₂ adsorption.     

Carbon Management in Agricultural Soils

World soils have been a major source of enrichment of atmospheric concentration of CO₂ ever since the dawn of settled agriculture, about 10,000 years ago. Historic emission of soil C is estimated at 78 ± 12 Pg out of the total terrestrial emission of 136 ± 55 Pg, and post-industrial fossil fuel emission of 270 ± 30 Pg. Most soils in agricultural ecosystems have lost 50 to 75% of their antecedent soil C pool, with the magnitude of loss ranging from 30 to 60 Mg C/ha. The depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is exacerbated by soil drainage, plowing, removal of crop residue, biomass burning, subsistence or low-input agriculture, and soil degradation by erosion and other processes. The magnitude of soil C depletion is high in coarse-textured soils (e.g., sandy texture, excessive internal drainage, low activity clays and poor aggregation), prone to soil erosion and other degradative processes. Thus, most agricultural soils contain soil C pool below their ecological potential. Adoption of recommend management practices (e.g., no-till farming with crop residue mulch, incorporation of forages in the rotation cycle, maintaining a positive nutrient balance, use of manure and other biosolids), conversion of agriculturally marginal soils to a perennial land use, and restoration of degraded soils and wetlands can enhance the SOC pool. Cultivation of peatlands and harvesting of peatland moss must be strongly discouraged, and restoration of degraded soils and ecosystems encouraged especially in developing countries. The rate of SOC sequestration is 300 to 500 Kg C/ha/yr under intensive agricultural practices, and 0.8 to 1.0 Mg/ha/yr through restoration of wetlands. In soils with severe depletion of SOC pool, the rate of SOC sequestration with adoption of restorative measures which add a considerable amount of biomass to the soil, and irrigated farming may be 1.0 to 1.5 Mg/ha/yr. Principal mechanisms of soil C sequestration include aggregation, high humification rate of biosolids applied to soil, deep transfer into the sub-soil horizons, formation of secondary carbonates and leaching of bicarbonates into the ground water. The rate of formation of secondary carbonates may be 10 to 15 Kg/ha/yr, and the rate of leaching of bicarbonates with good quality irrigation water may be 0.25 to 1.0 Mg C/ha/yr. The global potential of soil C sequestration is 0.6 to 1.2 Pg C/yr which can off-set about 15% of the fossil fuel emissions.     

污泥焚烧项目环境监理钙硫比核算应用实践研究

在污泥焚烧项目环境监理过程中,通过核算钙硫摩尔比考察或佐证二氧化硫的去除能力及效果.根据钙硫比核算需要收集项目相关生产报表,并对污泥焚烧过程中的钙硫摩尔比进行核算.通过对钙硫比的合理性进行分析,进而考察污泥焚烧过程中二氧化硫产生情况及达标排放情况,提升环境监理工作深度.数据来源为企业实际生产报表,分析方法为钙硫元素摩尔量理论反应值、质量平衡、热量平衡.通过实际数据核算分析发现,污泥焚烧项目中的钙硫元素摩尔比明显低于理论设计值,污泥中硫在焚烧过程中转化成SO2的比例约为64.52%.     

硬脂酸和硅烷偶联剂KH570对氧化钙疏水改性研究

为开发事故情况下高浓度毒性有机物污染土壤快速固化/稳定化材料,本文以氧化钙(Ca O)为基材,硬脂酸和硅烷偶联剂KH570为两种改性剂,采用湿法工艺对Ca O粉体进行表面疏水改性,探讨不同工艺条件对改性效果的影响,并对改性后Ca O的形态和结构进行表征.结果表明,硬脂酸改性氧化钙的最佳工艺条件为:硬脂酸添加质量分数5%,改性温度30℃,改性时间30 min;KH570改性Ca O的最佳工艺条件为:KH570添加量0.02 m L·g-1Ca O,改性时间40 min.改性后Ca O的接触角均大于90°.傅里叶红外和扫描电镜分析表明,两种改性剂均以化学吸附的方式包覆在Ca O表面,达到了表面疏水改性的目的.     

Repeated batch and continuous degradation of chlorpyrifos by Pseudomonas putida

The present study was undertaken with the objective of studying repeated batch and continuous degradation of chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl phosphorothioate) using Ca-alginate immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida isolated from an agricultural soil, and to study the genes and enzymes involved in degradation. The study was carried out to reduce the toxicity of chlorpyrifos by degrading it to less toxic metabolites. Long-term stability of pesticide degradation was studied during repeated batch degradation of chlorpyrifos, which was carried out over a period of 50 days. Immobilized cells were able to show 65% degradation of chlorpyrifos at the end of the 50th cycle with a cell leakage of 112 × 10³ cfu mL^?1. During continuous treatment, 100% degradation was observed at 100 mL h^?1 flow rate with 2% chlorpyrifos, and with 10% concentration of chlorpyrifos 98% and 80% degradation was recorded at 20 mL h^?1 and 100 mL h^?1 flow rate respectively. The products of degradation detected by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis were 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and chlorpyrifos oxon. Plasmid curing experiments with ethidium bromide indicated that genes responsible for the degradation of chlorpyrifos are present on the chromosome and not on the plasmid. The results of Polymerase chain reaction indicate that a ~890-bp product expected for mpd gene was present in Ps. putida. Enzymatic degradation studies indicated that the enzymes involved in the degradation of chlorpyrifos are membrane-bound. The study indicates that immobilized cells of Ps. putida have the potential to be used in bioremediation of water contaminated with chlorpyrifos.     

Removal of H2S using molten carbonate at high temperature

Gasification is considered to be an effective process for energy conversion from various sources such as coal, biomass, and waste. Cleanup of the hot syngas produced by such a process may improve the thermal efficiency of the overall gasification system. Therefore, the cleanup of hot syngas from biomass gasification using molten carbonate is investigated in bench-scale tests. Molten carbonate acts as an absorbent during desulfurization and dechlorination and as a thermal catalyst for tar cracking. In this study, the performance of molten carbonate for removing H₂S was evaluated. The temperature of the molten carbonate was set within the range from 800 to 1000 °C. It is found that the removal of H₂S is significantly affected by the concentration of CO₂ in the syngas. When only a small percentage of CO₂ is present, desulfurization using molten carbonate is inadequate. However, when carbon elements, such as char and tar, are continuously supplied, H₂S removal can be maintained at a high level.To confirm the performance of the molten carbonate gas-cleaning system, purified biogas was used as a fuel in power generation tests with a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). The fuel cell is a high-performance sensor for detecting gaseous impurities. When purified gas from a gas-cleaning reactor was continuously supplied to the fuel cell, the cell voltage remained stable. Thus, the molten carbonate gas-cleaning reactor was found to afford good gas-cleaning performance.