填埋场原位好氧稳定化技术的应用现状及研究进展

综述了原位好氧稳定化技术的原理、系统构成、关键单元的设计和优化及终点评价,结合我国填埋场及垃圾特点,展望了该技术在我国的发展前景和挑战.均匀布气及配水是原位好氧稳定化项目实施过程中主要的难点.做好渗滤液导排保证堆体最优含水率、优化曝气及提气管道布局、分层整治并辅以高压局部曝气有望提高氧气利用率;采用分层回灌或者压力回灌以及控制回灌速率可分别改善液体回灌过程中的屏障效应和大孔隙出流效应,保障堆体布水均匀.好氧稳定化处理后垃圾腐殖土及场底土壤的风险评价体系及最终出路尚未明确,后期加强相关基础研究以指导工程应用是必要的.     

沟塘水质及其周边浅层地下水PAHs的风险评价

为探讨农村居民区沟塘水质对周边浅层地下水的影响,在河南省某县选择典型沟塘,分别在枯水期和丰水期采集沟塘水和周边浅层地下水样品,采用高效液相色谱检测16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,分别描述并比较枯丰水期PAHs的污染特征及其生态与健康风险.结果表明,枯水期沟塘水中BaP含量、∑PAHs、TEQ（BaP）含量和致癌性PAHs占比分别为0.911ng/L、29.3ng/L、1.64ng/L和28.1%,均低于丰水期;浅层地下水中各指标分别为5.37ng/L、291ng/L、12.5ng/L和25.9%,高于丰水期.枯丰水期沟塘水和浅层地下水中PAHs均主要源于生物质和煤炭燃烧.浅层地下水PAHs的含量与沟塘水具有关联性,即距离沟塘越近,PAHs含量越高,枯水期的关联性低于丰水期.饮用浅层地下水致PAHs暴露的累积非致癌风险HQ为2.21x10^-3;累积致癌风险R为1.56x10^-6,72.0%成人R大于1x10^-6,枯水期BaA、BbF和InP对成人致癌风险的贡献分别为72.1%、9.10%和4.80%.枯水期沟塘水PAHs总量为低等生态风险,丰水期为中等风险,不同沟塘其生态风险不同.纳污的C5沟塘水丰水期PAHs为高生态风险水平,BaA的贡献最大（占40.7%）;纳污和养殖的A2枯水期和C3沟塘水丰水期PAHs为中等风险2水平.综上,沟塘水PAHs与周边浅层地下水具有关联性,枯水期沟塘水PAHs总量具有低生态风险,饮用周边浅层地下水的致癌风险高于1x10^-6.     

大尺度生态干扰风险评估技术方法及应用研究

为实现大尺度生态干扰高风险区域的快速、有效识别,从生态易损性、干扰易达性和资源易引性三个方面选取了9个指标,构建了生态干扰风险评估指标体系和评估模型,形成了完整的大尺度生态干扰评估技术与方法.利用该技术方法,本文评估分析了全国国土空间生态干扰风险状况、空间分布格局及其成因,并结合2017~2019年全国自然保护区人类活动监测数据和《全国主体功能区规划》中生态脆弱性评价结果对生态干扰风险评估结果进行了精度分析.结果显示：超过90%的自然保护区人类活动都集中在评估得到的中高风险区域;全国生态干扰风险主要以中风险为主、低风险次之、再次是较低风险、较高和高风险区域面积最少;其中较高和高风险区域主要分布在我国中西部和东北部的秦岭、祁连山、三江源和内蒙古草原等区域,生态干扰风险空间分布格局与生态系统结构与功能状况、地形与交通条件、资源潜力等因素具有较强相关性.     

北京大气PM2.5载带金属浓度、来源及健康风险的城郊差异

为探究北京地区大气PM_2.5载带金属在城区和郊区污染特征、来源及其健康风险的差异,于2017年6~11月采集海淀和大兴两地的PM_2.5日样本,分析PM_2.5及其载带的13种金属浓度.利用PMF源解析方法对13种金属元素来源进行分析,并采用健康风险评价方法对其中9种金属的健康危害进行评估.结果表明,城区PM_2.5及Cr、Co、Mn和Ni等10种金属浓度与郊区均有显著差异（P<0.05）.源解析结果发现,城区和郊区均可解释为4个源,但来源略有不同,占比亦有差异.城区的为机动车源（51.2%）、燃煤来源（19.1%）、扬尘来源（19.3%）和燃油来源（10.4%）;郊区的为机动车源（47.9%）、燃煤来源（22.6%）、扬尘来源（20.2%）和电镀来源（9.3%）.健康风险评价结果表明,城郊各金属HQ值均小于1,均不存在非致癌风险.城区中Ni和Pb,郊区中Cd、Co、Ni和Pb可忽略致癌风险,而城区的As（2.77×10^-5）、Cd（2×10^-6）、Co（1.76×10^-6）和Cr（Ⅵ）（7.88×10^-6）,郊区的As（8.34×10^-6）和Cr（Ⅵ）（4.94×10^-6）的R值介于10^-6与10^-4之间,具有一定的致癌风险.     

Chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM2.5 in wintertime in Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan

The chemical characteristics, oxidative potential, and sources of PM_2.5 were analyzed at the urban sites of Lahore and Peshawar, Pakistan in February 2019. Carbonaceous species, water soluble ions, and metal elements were measured to investigate the chemical composition and sources of PM_2.5. The dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption rate was measured to evaluate the oxidative potential of PM_2.5. Both cities showed a high exposure risk of PM_2.5 regarding its oxidative potential (DTT_v). Carbonaceous and some of the elemental species of PM_2.5 correlated well with DTT_v in both Lahore and Peshawar. Besides, the DTT_v of PM_2.5 in Lahore showed significant positive correlation with most of the measured water soluble ions, however, ions were DTT-inactive in Peshawar. Due to the higher proportions of carbonaceous species and metal elements, Peshawar showed higher mass-normalized DTT activity of PM_2.5 compared to Lahore although the average PM_2.5 concentration in Peshawar was lower. The high concentrations of toxic metals also posed serious non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the residents of both cities. Principle component analysis coupled with multiple linear regression was applied to investigate different source contributions to PM_2.5 and its oxidative potential. Mixed sources of traffic and road dust resuspension and coal combustion, direct vehicle emission, and biomass burning and formation of secondary aerosol were identified as the major sources of PM_2.5 in both cities. The findings of this study provide important data for evaluation of the potential health risks of PM_2.5 and for formulation of efficient control strategies in major cities of Pakistan.     

The concentration and probabilistic risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in fillets of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus): A global systematic review and meta-analysis

The contamination of fish type products such as silver pomfret fish fillets by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) has raised global health concerns. Related studies regarding the concentration of PTEs in fillets of silver pomfret fish were retrieved among some international databases such as Scopus, PubMed and Embase between 1 January 1983 and 10 March 2020. The pooled (mean) concentration of PTEs in fillets of silver pomfret fish was meta-analyzed with the aid of a random-effect model (REM). Also, the non-carcinogenic risk was estimated via calculating the 95th percentile of the total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). The meta-analysis of 21 articles (containing 25 studies or data reports) indicated that the ranking of PTEs in fillets of silver pomfret fish was Fe (11,414.81 µg/kg wet weight, ww) > Zn (6055.72 µg/kg ww) > Cr (1825.79 µg/kg ww) > Pb (1486.44 µg/kg ww) > Se (1053.47 µg/kg ww) > Cd (992.50 µg/kg ww) > Ni (745.23 µg/kg ww) > Cu (669.71 µg/kg ww) > total As (408.24 µg/kg ww) > Co (87.03 µg/kg ww) > methyl Hg (46.58 µg/kg ww). The rank order of health risk assessment by country based on the TTHQ for adult consumers was Malaysia (2.500) > Bangladesh (0.886) > Iran (0.144) > China (0.045) > Pakistan (0.020) > India (0.015), while the corresponding values for child consumers was Malaysia (11.790) > Bangladesh (4.146) > Iran (0.675) > China (0.206) > Pakistan (0.096) > India (0.077). The adult consumers in Malaysia and children in Malaysia and Bangladesh were at considerable non-carcinogenic risk. Therefore, following the recommended control plans in order to reduce the health risk associated with the ingestion of PTEs via consumption of silver pomfret fish fillets is crucial.     

铝穹顶储罐雷击损伤及燃爆风险研究

针对铝穹顶储罐雷击问题,开展了回击后长持续时间雷电流分量作用下的铝合金板烧蚀损伤试验研究,分析了铝穹顶储罐损伤及油气燃爆风险。结果表明:当直流分量为164 C时,2 mm铝板发生穿孔,铝穹顶储罐存在雷击燃爆风险;当直流分量≤157 C时,未穿孔,背面温度最高为480℃,存在燃爆风险,铝穹顶储罐存在雷击燃爆风险;当直流分量196 C时,4 mm铝板发生穿孔;当直流分量为196 C时,6 mm铝板未发生穿孔,背面温升为125℃,小于205℃,铝穹顶储罐不存在雷击燃爆风险。     

普光气田集输管网系统安全运行实践

针对普光气田地理环境现状,从地质灾害、焊口缺陷、管道腐蚀等方面对集输管网安全隐患进行了分析,结合现有风险防控措施,对下一步工作进行了展望,提出应加强硫化氢泄漏扩散机理研究及环焊缝失效机理研究。     

我国硝基苯的海水水质基准及生态风险评估研究

以一种重要的化工原料硝基苯为研究对象,通过收集、筛选我国本土物种的硝基苯海水生物毒性数据,同时针对我国海区生物特点补充8种典型海洋受试生物的毒理学实验,应用物种敏感度分布(SSD)方法推导了用于保护水生生物的我国硝基苯海水水质基准值。在此基础上,尝试应用2种概率生态风险评估方法初步评估了硝基苯在我国东海椒江口水体中的生态风险。研究结果表明,用于保护我国海水生物的硝基苯水质基准高值为1.42 mg·L-1,低值为0.037 mg·L-1,与应用SSD方法推导的硝基苯淡水水质基准差异不大。商值概率分布法和联合概率曲线法的风险表征结果表明,硝基苯对椒江口中的水生生物存在潜在的生态风险,需要管理部门采取一定的风险管控措施。研究结果有望为我国水质基准、生态风险研究及硝基苯的海水水质标准制定提供参考。     

矿业城市生态风险评价研究进展

矿业城市作为我国资源供应的重点区域,对国民经济发展起着举足轻重的作用.通过文献综述的方法,在明确矿业城市生态风险评价工作意义的基础上,归纳总结了矿业城市生态风险评价的研究进展.从矿业城市生态风险评价研究主题、研究内容、评价理论框架和具体研究方法展开评述,分析了矿业城市生态风险热点关键词时区演化趋势、矿业城市生态风险基本...