巢湖流域大气污染的经济损失分析

在对2002年巢湖流域大气污染资料进行调查和统计的基础上,应用人力资本法、市场价值法、机会成本法、资产价值法等环境经济价值评估方法,从人体健康、农作物、森林、家庭清洗费用和建筑材料腐蚀5个方面估算了巢湖流域大气污染造成的经济损失。结果表明,建筑材料腐蚀损失和人体健康损失分别为185亿元和151亿元,这两项费用占整个损失的比重达7814%;家庭清洗费用增加值、农作物经济损失和森林经济损失分别为073亿元、012亿元和009亿元。当年全流域环保投资总额为46亿元,而仅大气污染造成的环境经济损失就达到43亿元,约占当年GDP的084％。环保投资力度与环境污染损失不相适应。     

Research on the hierarchical structure of the metropolitan system and economic development of the provincial capital urban circle in Shandong

Regional development is the trend for future urbanization, and the urban circle is a highly efficient economic spatial pattern of regional development. This study selects statistical data of urban area population, GDP, and the output value of tertiary industry for seven cities in China – Jinan, Zibo, Tai’an, Laiwu, Dezhou, Liaocheng, and Binzhou – in the Shandong provincial capital urban circle from 2005 to 2009. It uses the principles and Zipf model, rank-size rule, and Lotka logarithmic model to analyze and study the hierarchical structure of the metropolitan system and economic development of the Shandong provincial capital urban circle. Based on the above research, this paper provides references for decision-making on enhancement of the metropolitan system structure, improvement in core city primacy index, the optimal adjustment of industrial structure and the optimal allocation of essential resources.     

“十一五”时期环保投入的宏观经济影响

我国环保投入的逐年增加为强化污染治理、改善环境质量提供了重要基础保障,但环保投入如何影响宏观经济的作用机理值得深入研究。在2007年国家42部门投入产出表基础上,编制了环境-经济投入产出表,并构建了环保投入对宏观经济的影响分析模型,将环保运行费和环保投资作为研究对象,测算其对宏观经济各指标各行业的经济影响,并分解到省级层面。结果显示:1"十一五"期间环保投入在一定程度上起到了拉动经济发展、增加居民收入、促进社会就业等经济社会贡献作用,五年期间对国民经济总产出、GDP、居民收入、就业等方面影响分别为102 043亿元、29 457亿元、12 563亿元、1 324万人次,且以间接影响和诱发影响占较大比重,表明环保投入具有较强产业波及效应。2经济影响存在明显行业差异,通用专用设备制造业、农林牧渔业、环境服务业、建筑业等与环保投入直接相关的行业受益较大。但与此同时,也一定程度上拉动了金属冶炼压延加工业、化学工业、非金属矿物制品业等高污染高能耗行业,表明环保治理活动自身带来的资源环境负担在中国现有产业结构情况下仍不可避免。在优化产业结构、提高资源使用效率的同时需要寻求更加清洁的治理技术。3经济影响区域差异明显,受益较大的省份主要集中于广东、山东、江苏、河北、辽宁等东部沿海及中部发展较好地区,而受益较小的省份大多位于西部及边远地区。总体来看,鉴于当前我国环境治理投入仍不能满足日益突出的环境问题,适当加大环保投入不但能够取得环境效应,同时也可带来一定的社会经济效应。     

Fragile environment in need of resilient carers? A case of regional natural resources management in Perth,Western Australia

The Perth region is one of the 56 designated Natural Resources Management (NRM) regions in Australia. A community-led body – Perth Region NRM (PRNRM) – is in charge of overseeing NRM initiatives in the region. PRNRM heavily relies on Environmental Care Organisations (ECOs) that are involved in a wide variety of activities ranging from managing nature reserves to restoring ecosystems on a voluntary basis. While ECOs have become an integral component of PRNRM, they are often vulnerable because of the uncertain availability of financial and human resources. The way these organisations can overcome resource scarcities and become resilient is therefore significant for the effective delivery of regional NRM arrangements. However, what makes some ECOs in the Perth region more resilient than others is not well understood. This paper responds to this gap and explores the state of ECOs in the Perth region. The paper begins by reviewing the notion of resilience using a social capital lens. Drawing on a survey of ECOs and interviews, the method used for data collection and data analysis is presented next. Finally, the paper makes a case for fostering social capital as a way of enhancing the resilience of ECOs in the Perth region and beyond.     

UK allotments and urban food initiatives: (limited?) potential for reducing inequalities

The number of urban food initiatives in many regions of the world, notably Europe and the USA, has burgeoned in recent years, and analyses of the impacts of these activities on people and environments are the focus of an increasing academic literature. The impacts documented include enhanced food security, cohesive neighbourhoods, sustainability, and food justice. Yet, another literature presents opposing analyses and focuses on exclusionary aspects of projects and their enabling of a continued neo-liberal reduction in state welfare provision. As a result, there has been an impasse in debates over the potential of urban food projects to reduce inequalities. This paper proposes that the benchmark of the UK allotment system provides a means to examine these opposing positions. It uses the conceptual frameworks of diverse economies and the capital assets framework to attain clarity in the analysis of the many kinds of food-related activities seen in (peri-)urban areas. Drawing on empirical work in Plymouth, UK, it focuses on the potential of the different food ventures to reduce inequalities, given certain contingent economic and political factors. It also presents evidence that the allotment movement despite its initially radical roots can be seen as largely apolitical in the present day and has no leverage over allocation of land to allotment sites. Even so, evidence is growing that both allotments and the newer forms of urban food activities contribute to meeting national and city-level policy objectives, with the potential to enhance food justice and reduce inequalities.     

人口结构、社会保障与机构投资者的发展——以发达国家为例

近年来我国的经济发展中出现了居民的存款储蓄不断增长与企业资金短缺、股票市场低迷并存的现象。发达国家的经验表明,社会保障制度与金融发展具有明显的相关性：社会保障制度的改革与发展。改变了居民以存款为主体的金融资产结构。使居民金融资产的选择从直接持有转向通过养老金、保险金和共同基金等机构投资者的间接持有，促进了机构投资者的迅猛发展；而机构投资者的资产越来越多的投向了证券资产。进而促进了资本市场的进一步发展。     

Moving towards ambitious climate policies: Monetised health benefits from improved air quality could offset mitigation costs in Europe

Air quality and related health effects are not only affected by policies directly addressed at air pollution but also by other environmental strategies such as climate mitigation. This study addresses how different climate policy pathways indirectly bear upon air pollution in terms of improved human health in Europe. To this end, we put in perspective mitigation costs and monetised health benefits of reducing PM_2.5 (particles less than 2.5 μm in diameter) and ozone concentrations.Air quality in Europe and related health impacts were assessed using a comprehensive modelling chain, based on global and regional climate and chemistry-transport models together with a health impact assessment tool. This allows capturing both the impact of climate policy on emissions of air pollutants and the geophysical impact of climate change on air quality.Results are presented for projections at the 2050 horizon, for a set of consistent air pollution and climate policy scenarios, combined with population data from the UN's World Population Prospects, and are expressed in terms of morbidity and mortality impacts of PM_2.5 and ozone pollution and their monetised damage equivalent.The analysis shows that enforcement of current European air quality policies would effectively reduce health impacts from PM_2.5 in Europe even in the absence of climate policies (life years lost from the exposure to PM_2.5 decrease by 78% between 2005 and 2050 in the reference scenario), while impacts for ozone depend on the ambition level of international climate policies. A move towards stringent climate policies on a global scale, in addition to limiting global warming, creates co-benefits in terms of reduced health impacts (68% decrease in life years lost from the exposure to PM_2.5 and 85% decrease in premature deaths from ozone in 2050 in the mitigation scenario relative to the reference scenario) and air pollution cost savings (77%) in Europe. These co-benefits are found to offset at least 85% of the additional cost of climate policy in this region.     

我国人力资本形成的阶段与区域特征分析

以经典Mincer收入方程为基础。通过引入教育、经验与区域变量。对1990年和2000年我国人力资本收益率及其影响因素进行估计。形成了关于我国人力资本发展阶段特征的基本判断。模型结果支持了正规教育对人力资本的影响由线性向非线性的变化。并且在平均收益率方面中等教育有着潜在优势；在经验因素中。工作前的经验比工作后的经验对收入影响更显重要；东部地区人力资本的形成与其他地区存在显着的差异。而东部以外的地区之间人力资本形成模式差异则不明显。     

农地分配制度不是农地冲突的根本原因——基于湖北和湖南农村问卷调查的实证分析

农地冲突是当前我国农村经济发展和城镇化进程中的普遍问题,在—些地方相当突出,严重影响了农村的社会稳定和经济发展,探讨农地冲突的原因有助于化解农村矛盾及构建和谐繁荣的农村社区。本文利用笔者在湖北和湖南两省收集到的数据,应用Logit概率模型实证分析了农地分配制度、非农就业收入及其差距和人力资本等可能引起农地冲突的因素的影响。与通常的看法不同,本文并没有发现农地分配制度是农地冲突的显著诱因,原因可能在于我国的农地在改革初期是按人口或劳动力平均分配的,其后的调整大多也是经农民自主协商按照市场规则完成的,并没有引起农民的明显不满,因而也就没有成为农地冲突的诱因。本文的研究结果还表明,非农就业收入、非农就业收入差距和家庭人力资本对农地冲突的影响显著,非农就业收入越低,其差距越小,家庭人力资本越多,农地冲突发生的概率越大,是农地冲突的主要诱因。这表明非农就业收入越少,农民通过非农就业增加家庭收入的隧道效应越弱,对农业收入的依赖性越大,农地就越重要,农地冲突越容易发生;家庭男性成员越多,家庭社会地位越高,在打架斗殴和上访诉讼中越占优势,农地冲突也越容易爆发。因此,为了减少农地冲突,应采取切实措施,促进农村劳动力向非农部门转移,加强农村法制建设,限制丛林行为。     

基于省际数据的环境规制与经济增长关系

经济增长是衡量经济发展水平的重要标准,研究环境规制与经济增长之间关系,将有助于寻求不同经济发展阶段下的最适环境规制强度,从而为经济的可持续发展提供环境保障.本文采用"纵横向"拉开档次法,综合考虑衡量环境规制的投入与产出的各项指标及其数据的可得性因素后,构建并计算出环境规制强度指数,同时运用2004-2008年中国省际面板数据,采用面板数据模型进一步分析环境规制与经济增长之间的关系.实证结果表明:环境规制与经济增长之间并非线性的关系,而是正U型的关系.为此,我们认为,本文结论能够对环境规制与经济增长之间的"遵循成本说"还是"创新补偿说"提供合理的解释.最后,我们根据现阶段中国经济处于迅速发展时期的状况,认为合理的环境规制政策应该是加强环境规制强度.同时认为技术创新对环境规制和经济增长具有巨大的推动作用,企业应该充分利用技术创新的优势,进行创新投资,用以弥补"遵循成本说"的劣势,提升企业的竞争力,进而促进中国经济的持续增长.