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411.
This paper examines the vulnerability of households to disasters, using an asset vulnerability framework to represent livelihoods. Such frameworks are widely employed to analyse household poverty and focus on living conditions and well-being rather than money-metric measures of consumption and income. The conceptualisation of household vulnerability is a challenge in current studies on coping with disasters. The paper considers whether a capital assets framework is useful in identifying and assessing household vulnerability in the context of the Wenchuan earthquake in China in 2008. The framework has five categories of assets (financial, human, natural, physical, and social capital) and attempts to measure the resilience and vulnerability of households. When applied to a major disaster, asset-based methods face the problem of heterogeneity of the population, such as with regard to livelihood type or residence. Moreover, the effect of external interventions, such as the provision of relief assistance, must be taken into account. 相似文献
412.
资本资产定价模型在工程地震保险费率厘定中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为国际金融市场的重要组成部分,保险市场在当下的全球经济复苏中发挥着重要作用。保险是地震灾害危机处理的一种重要方式。现有的工程地震保费厘定通常只着力于纯保费,对风险附加费的考量往往依经验,从而导致保费中无法体现对风险的补偿,成为工程地震险发展的瓶颈。本文通过将金融市场中的资本资产定价模型(CAPM)引入工程地震险的定价分析,从资本市场的角度探讨该模型在工程地震险定价中的应用,弥补了传统工程地震险保费厘定方法的固有缺陷,使得保费计算更为科学合理。最后,应用于一具体工程实例,验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。 相似文献
413.
Climate change incurs costs, but government adaptation budgets are limited. Beyond a certain point, individuals must bear
the costs or adapt to new circumstances, creating political-economic tipping points that we explore in three examples. First,
many Alaska Native villages are threatened by erosion, but relocation is expensive. To date, critically threatened villages
have not yet been relocated, suggesting that we may already have reached a political-economic tipping point. Second, forest
fires shape landscape and ecological characteristics in interior Alaska. Climate-driven changes in fire regime require increased
fire-fighting resources to maintain current patterns of vegetation and land use, but these resources appear to be less and
less available, indicating an approaching tipping point. Third, rapid sea level rise, for example from accelerated melting
of the Greenland ice sheet, will create a choice between protection and abandonment for coastal regions throughout the world,
a potential global tipping point comparable to those now faced by Arctic communities. The examples illustrate the basic idea
that if costs of response increase more quickly than available resources, then society has fewer and fewer options as time
passes. 相似文献
414.
环境服务业中有很多内容都具有不同程度的公共物品性、自然垄断性或社会公益性,这些特殊属性对私人直接投资者造成了收费困难、进入壁垒和高政策风险等阻碍。论文研究通过排他性的制度设计、创造有效竞争模式、推行多样化的公私伙伴关系来分别解决上述困难。论文的研究成果为私人直接投资环境服务业创建了一个现实可行的路径体系。 相似文献
415.
Introduction: Among attempts that address high incidences of fatalities and injuries in coal mines, increasing attention has been paid to management commitment to complement the traditional focus on technological advances in safety management. However, more research is needed to explain the influence of perceived management commitment, with extant research drawing commonly on Griffin and Neal (2000) to focus on safety knowledge, skills, and motivation. This study draws on social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) to investigate psychological capital as a link between thought process and safety behavior. Method: This study uses survey data from 400 frontline workers in China’s coal mines to test hypotheses. Result: Results suggest that perceived management commitment to safety correlates positively with workers’ safety compliance and participation, and four constituents of psychological capital—self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience—explain the influence of perceived management commitment on safety compliance and participation. Practical Applications: Findings offer both researchers and practitioners an explanation of how perceived management commitment influences safety behaviors, and clarify the roles psychological capital constituents play in explaining the influence of perceived management commitment on safety compliance and safety participation. 相似文献
416.
Sean Gallagher Author Vitae Susan Moore Author VitaeAuthor Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(3):233-237
Introduction
The restricted workspace present in low-seam coal mines forces workers to adopt awkward working postures (kneeling and stooping), which place high physical demands on the knee and lower back.Method
This article provides an analysis of injury claims for eight mining companies operating low-seam coal mines during calendar years 1996-2008. All cost data were normalized using data on the cost of medical care (MPI) as provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Results
Results of the analysis indicate that the knee was the body part that led in terms of claim cost ($4.2 million), followed by injuries to the lower back ($2.7 million). While the average cost per injury for these body parts was $13,100 and $14,400, respectively (close to the average cost of an injury overall), the high frequency of these injuries resulted in their pre-eminence in terms of cost. Analysis of data from individual mining companies suggest that knee and lower back injuries were a consistent problem across companies, as these injuries were each among the top five most costly part of body for seven out of eight companies studied.Application/Impact
Results of this investigation suggest that efforts to reduce the frequency of knee and low back injuries in low-seam mines have the potential to create substantial cost savings. 相似文献417.
E. Osei B. Du A. Bekele L. Hauck A. Saleh A. Tanter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(3):562-576
Abstract: An integrated economic and environmental modeling system was developed for evaluating agro‐environmental policies and practices implemented on large scales. The modeling system, the Comprehensive Economic and Environmental Optimization Tool‐Macro Modeling System (CEEOT‐MMS), integrates the Farm‐level Economic Model (FEM) and the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model, as well as national databases and clustering and aggregation algorithms. Using micro simulations of statistically derived representative farms and subsequent aggregation of farm‐level results, a wide range of agricultural best management practices can be investigated within CEEOT‐MMS. In the present study, CEEOT‐MMS was used to evaluate the economic and water quality impacts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) based manure application rates when implemented on all animal feeding operations in the State of Texas. Results of the study indicate that edge‐of‐field total P losses can be reduced by about 0.8 kg/ha/year or 14% when manure applications are calibrated to supply all of the recommended crop P requirements from manure total P sources only, when compared to manure applications at the recommended crop N agronomic rate. Corresponding economic impacts are projected to average a US$4,800 annual cost increase per farm. Results are also presented by ecological subregion, farm type, and farm size categories. 相似文献
418.
环境会计发展的理念与实践是以实现经济、社会、环境的可持续发展为前提,通过实施环境会计制度,可以使企业准确掌握经营活动的资源消耗、环境负荷,促进其提供环境友好产品及服务,推进经济朝着低碳、绿色、可持续模式发展。日本经过十几年的发展,目前已形成较为完善的环境会计体系。本文通过介绍和分析日本环境会计体系产生的背景、发展变化与作用,探讨我国环境会计体系构筑问题。 相似文献
419.
420.