废食用油活性炭脱色工艺的研究

脱色处理是提高废食用油油品质量、利用其生产生物柴油的关键环节之一.研究餐饮废食用油活性炭吸附脱色工艺,考察典型木质活性炭和煤基活性炭对脱色效果的影响,并将活性炭结构、性能指标与其脱色能力进行关联.结果表明,以弱粘性煤和褐煤为原料制备的活性炭对废食用油脱色效果较好;活性炭的总孔容积、总比表面积、微孔比表面积、微孔容积、碘值和亚甲基蓝值等性能指标与脱色效果关联度不大,而活性炭的孔径和中孔容积是决定活性炭脱色效果的主要指标.优化后废食用油活性炭脱色工艺的主要参数是:活性炭用量7%,炭粒度100～300目,脱色温度90～120℃,吸附时间为30 min,搅拌速度为10 r/min,废食用油的脱色率在50%～65%.     

基于ARM处理器的CO气体在线监测系统的设计

以三星公司的ARM7处理器S3C44B0X、嵌入式实时操作系统uC/OS -Ⅱ为基础,介绍了一种CO气体在线监测仪器电路部分的实现,分析其基本原理,给出了系统整体框图,完成了其硬件系统和软件系统的设计.实践证明,该方法能够满足系统控制和数据处理要求,具有较好的实用性.     

离子液体对CO2吸收性能的研究进展

CO2引起的气候变暖已成为全球最关注的环境问题之一,利用离子液体固定CO2引起了众多学者的关注。介绍了近年来离子液体吸收CO2的研究进展,包括常规离子液体和含氨基离子液体、氨基酸离子液体、聚离子液体及其他离子液体等4种功能化离子液体,并简要分析了吸收机理。综合分析了每种离子液体的吸收性能,离子液体对CO2的吸收能力均随温度上升而减小,随压力升高而增加。烷基链的增长以及含氟基团的增加有利于对CO2的吸收。功能化离子液体由于引入了功能化基团,相同条件下,其对CO2的吸收力几乎是常规离子液体的两倍。此外,将离子液体与有机溶液(特别是醇胺溶液)混合能提高离子液体对CO2的吸收能力,且能降低生产费用。最后指出了高吸收性能、低黏度、低毒以及低成本是未来离子液体的研究方向。     

铁碳微电解法预处理猪场沼液中氨氮的研究

铁碳微电解是新型的污水处理技术,为了研究猪场沼液中氨氮的去除,将铁碳微电解技术应用于预处理难降解的厌氧沼液中的氨氮。经预先浸泡处理后的铁碳已达到吸附饱和,以此铁碳材料,分别采用了单因素实验和正交试验,用可见光分光光度法测试氨氮的浓度。单因素实验确定了铁碳微电解法影响氨氮去除的因素,选取pH值、反应时间、铁碳比为正交试验因素,通过正交试验得到,当温度为(20±1)℃,铁碳比为1∶1,pH值为3,反应时间为60 min时去除氨氮的效果最好,去除率为34.01%。铁碳微电解法预处理猪场沼液有一定的应用前景。     

季铵盐离子液体改性活性炭及其热安全性研究*

为进一步提高活性炭对VOCs的吸附性能和热安全性,采用铵盐类离子液体改性原始活性炭,优化其理化性质。结果表明:改性活性炭表面生成新的无机盐化合物,C=O、-OH、C-O、-COOH和C-S基团增加;孔隙结构增多且分布均匀,比表面积及微孔体积增大;改性后活性炭对甲苯的吸附量提高3.14倍,吸附效率明显提升;在固定碳的燃烧阶段,改性活性炭活化能为54.44 kJ·mol-1,是改性前活性炭的1.38倍,活化能增大,物质稳定性增强;当粒径为120~150目及200目以上时,改性前后活性炭的自燃温度分别从328.4 ℃、319.3 ℃增长至355.1 ℃、345.7 ℃。因此,负载季铵盐离子液体可有效提高活性炭吸附性能和热安全性,研究结果可为优化VOCs处理工艺提供参考。     

不同类型活性炭处理废水中重金属离子的研究进展

重金属对人体的显著毒性和难降解的特性,使重金属水体污染成为全球性关注的环境问题。本文综述了重金属废水的危害、来源及常用处理方法,比较了不同类型活性炭处理废水中重金属离子的差异,阐述了不同类型活性炭处理技术的优势和特点,并对今后的重金属废水处理技术研究方向进行了展望。     

Carbon Embodied in International Trade of China and Its Emission Responsibility

Abstract

Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997–2007 are accounted by input–output method based on Chinese input–output table and global trade analysis project database. It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997–2007, but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports, China is a net export nation in embodied carbon. The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82% of the total carbon emissions in 1997, dropped to 7.15% in 2002, increased to 13.13% in 2006, and slightly dropped to 12.64% in 2007. Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China, and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports. Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade, and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.     

Applying CES to assembly and comparing carbon footprints

A Carbon Emission Signature (CES) and a Carbon Emission Label have been proposed for manufactured products in previous CIRP (Collège International pour la Recherche en Productique) annals. This paper considers two things: (1) an example of a CES calculation for assembly with CO₂ emissions and (2) the need for a transparent method of calculation. In comparing carbon footprint calculations for 17 websites, the results are found to vary more than threefold depending upon the site used and even more between different methods illustrating the need for standardisation in emission calculations for carbon accounting.     

A carbon footprint analysis in the textile supply chain

This research work focuses on the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to determine the carbon footprint of different players involved in a supply chain of the textile sector. A case study of a product by a textile leader company was carried out. This study demonstrates that, in the textile chain, the main contribution to the greenhouse effect is provided by the electrical and thermal energy used and by the transportation (since different production phases are delocalised in a wide range that goes from South Africa, Italy, Romania and all around the world, from the distribution centre to the stores). The Monte Carlo analysis has been used in order to obtain, for each calculated impact, not only the average value but also the distribution curve of the results characterised by uncertainty parameters. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of management choices such as:

??a change in the transportation modality, from aeroplane to boat;

??a combination of road and rail transportation; and

??a selection among suppliers that allows the firm to cut environmental impacts.     

基于复式记账的土地资源资产核算与报表编制研究

借鉴会计学复式记账核算的优点,在国际资源核算体系的基础上,根据我国自然资源资产核算需求,提出土地资源资产核算的复式记账体系和报表编制框架。研究认为,基于复式记账的土地资源资产核算和报表编制要以“摸清家底、反映自然资源负债、提供土地资源审计和绩效考核信息”为目标,明确区、县级自然资源局为土地资源资产受托管理和进行土地资源资产核算与报表编制的核算单位。在界定土地资源资产、负债和权益相关概念的基础上,提出土地资源资产属性变化的核算内容和每次土地资源资产实物量变化必须遵循占补平衡的基本原则,进行过程核算。以YC县土地资源资产变化为例,对土地资源资产变化进行了基于复式记账的土地资源资产核算与报表编制实证研究,确定核算的事项类型和特征及其借贷核算流程,编制出土地资源资产负债表,并同时进行实物量核算和价值量核算的报表编制,结果表明:YC县土地资源资产实物量1485 km^2,2018年末价值量5639874.22万元、经济权益5271874.22万元、生态权益367991.6万元,土地资源负债8.40万元,通过土地资源资产用途调整,土地资源资产价值量增加21319.42万元,但在调整过程中,形成了土地资源负债0.07 km^2(8.4万元),在以后土地整治中需要增加园地。