硝基苯在碳纳米管修饰电极上的电化学行为及其分析应用

硝基苯在碳纳米管修饰电极上的电化学行为表明,硝基苯在-0.50V有一灵敏的还原峰,为硝基苯得到四个电子还原为苯胲所形成,电位继续负移,苯胲能继续还原为苯胺.在扫描速度为100mV·s-1,pH=5.0和富集时间为2min的条件下,-0.50V处的还原峰电流与硝基苯在1.5—150mg·l-1范围内线性关系良好,线性系数为0.99992,检测限为0.3mg·l-1.应用于实际废水中硝基苯的测定,相对标准偏差小于5%(n=10),相对误差为-5%— 5%.     

微波催化氧化法处理富马酸废水

在活性炭与Fenton试剂存在下,用微波辐射处理多次铁碳微电解处理后的富马酸废水,通过单因素和正交实验对影响因素进行了考察。在100mL水样中,活性炭用量为1．0g、双氧水用量为1．0mL、废水pH为3、微波加热时间为10min、辐射功率为350W的条件下,可以使富马酸废水的COD从300mg／L降至96．6mg／L。     

净水工艺对饮用水生物稳定性控制的研究

利用现场中试装置,系统比较了预处理单元、常规处理单元及深度处理单元中可生物降解有机物BDOC和AOC的生成和去除特性.结果表明:常规工艺+活性炭过滤对CODMn的去除率仅能达到30%,无法有效保证出水水质要求,而常规工艺+臭氧活性炭可以很好地满足水质标准,去除率可达50%以上.以控制生物稳定性为目的时,氧化剂的投加会增加AOC和BDOC浓度,降低生物稳定性.不投加氧化剂,直接采用常规工艺+普通活性炭过滤可将出水AOC含量控制在50μg/L以下.但要实现对COD_Mn和生物稳定性的同时控制,常规工艺+臭氧+生物活性炭的工艺组合是本研究中的最佳工艺组合.     

曝气生物滤池内的自养反硝化作用

采用多孔介质——火山岩为载体的上向流曝气生物滤池(BAF),研究了限制供氧条件下,无有机碳源时反应器的硝化反硝化特性.结果表明,在 10～30℃范围内,20℃为临界点,低于20℃时,硝化速率缓慢;高于 20℃后,硝化速率加快.温度从 20℃升高到 30℃,硝化速率增长仅为10%,这一特性与悬浮生长反应器内温度对硝化速率的影响完全不同.此外,稳定运行的 BAF 内存在大量氮流失现象,分析认为,限制供氧和无有机碳源时,生物膜内发生了以 Anammox反应为主的自养反硝化作用,大量的氮以 N₂的形式流失.     

多种进水碳源条件下侧流活性污泥工艺的脱氮除磷机制

为提高污水氮磷营养盐的去除能力和稳定性,侧流活性污泥工艺开始被应用于世界多地的污水处理项目.污水有机碳的水解代谢行为影响侧流工艺的营养盐去除机制,但目前的研究多侧重简单碳源物质.本文采用多种碳源种类(简单碳源乙酸钠,大分子碳源葡萄糖、淀粉、蛋白胨、豆油及其组合)模拟实际污水有机碳组成,以探索更复杂碳源在侧流工艺(主流一...     

土壤溶液和水体中水溶性有机碳的比色测定

利用紫红色络合物Mn(Na₂HP₂O₇)3在浓H₂SO₄存在时可氧化有机质使络合物颜色变浅的基本原理,系统研究了不同种类、不同浓度的有机碳化合物(脂肪族与芳香族)、比色测定的条件(温度、显色时间和比色波长)与一些干扰离子对水溶性有机碳比色测定的影响.结果表明,所用的有机碳化合物的浓度与比色测定的吸光值之间有很好的相关性,比色波长为490～500nm.当溶液中Cl-浓度>80mg/L或Fe₂+>15mg/L,会使比色测定结果显著增大,测定前需要排除它们的干扰;在所建议的最佳比色条件下,天然水体中水溶性有机碳比色法测定结果相当于TOC仪测定结果的81%.当显色液中有机碳浓度为0～5mg/L时,土壤溶液水溶性有机碳比色法测定结果相当于TOC仪测定结果的76%.研究表明,采用该方法测定土壤溶液和水体环境中水溶性有机碳含量是可行的,最突出的优点是无需价格昂贵的TOC仪,而且测定速度要比仪器快得多.     

温带亚高山针叶林土壤碳循环微生物群落的时空动态

选取参与碳固定的二磷酸羧化/加氧酶基因（cbbM）、有机碳降解的淀粉酶基因（amylase）和纤维素酶基因（cellulase）作为分子标记,用实时定量PCR方法对温带亚高山华北落叶松（Larix gmelinii var.principis-rupprechtii）林、白杄（Picea meyeri）林、青杄（P.wilsonii）林和油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林土壤碳循环功能微生物类群丰度的时空动态开展研究.结果显示,总碳（TC）、总氮（TN）、总硫（TS）、有机质（OM）和有机碳（TOC）、pH值、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性在4种森林土壤中都有不同程度的差异,且有显著的季节变化特征.高海拔华北落叶松林土壤TC、TN、TS、C/N、OM和TOC含量最高,而pH值最低.土壤TC、TN、亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）含量、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,与碳循环微生物类群的丰度呈极显著相关.土壤NO₃^--N含量与有机碳分解和固碳微生物类群的相对丰度显著相关;土壤C/N、NO₂^--N、pH值、OM、TOC、过氧化氢酶及脲酶活性,与降解易分解碳（labile C）和难分解碳（recalcitrant C）的微生物类群的相对丰度呈极显著相关.植被类型和季节变化共同影响土壤碳循环微生物类群的丰度,而季节变化是主导因素.植被和土壤环境因子通过调控微生物群落碳代谢功能类群的结构,影响森林土壤碳源-汇的平衡.     

东北三省农田生态系统碳排放时空分异特征及驱动因素研究

根据2000—2014年东北三省碳排放的相关数据,结合空间探索性分析及地理加权回归等模型方法,对研究区农田生态系统碳排放量的空间集聚性、差异性及其重要驱动因素进行研究.结果表明:东北三省农田生态系统碳排放量存在比较显著的全局空间正相关,自相关性在整体上表现出逐渐增强的趋势,到2014年全局Moran's I指数达到最高值0.3395.在局部空间相关关系上,东北三省农田生态系统碳排放量的高-高区域集中在黑龙江省和吉林省,低-低地区主要集中在辽宁省,表现出不平衡的发展格局.人均GDP对农田生态系统碳排放有负效应,总人口数对农田生态系统碳排放的影响从正效应转变为负效应,化肥施用对农田生态系统碳排放影响程度的空间分布格局发生了较大变化,代表生产技术水平和能源消耗的农业化肥施用量和农业机械总动力因素对农田生态系统碳排放的影响较大,东北三省农田生态系统碳排放和农业机械总动力相关程度有逐渐趋同的趋势.     

Wetlands as principal zones of methylmercury production in southern Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico region

It is widely recognized that wetlands, especially those rich in organic matter and receiving appreciable atmospheric mercury (Hg) inputs, are important sites of methylmercury (MeHg) production. Extensive wetlands in the southeastern United States have many ecosystem attributes ideal for promoting high MeHg production rates; however, relatively few mercury cycling studies have been conducted in these environments. We conducted a landscape scale study examining Hg cycling in coastal Louisiana (USA) including four field trips conducted between August 2003 and May 2005. Sites were chosen to represent different ecosystem types, including: a large shallow eutrophic estuarine lake (Lake Pontchartrain), three rivers draining into the lake, a cypress-tupelo dominated freshwater swamp, and six emergent marshes ranging from a freshwater marsh dominated by Panicum hemitomon to a Spartina alterniflora dominated salt marsh close to the Gulf of Mexico. We measured MeHg and total Hg (THg) concentrations, and ancillary chemical characteristics, in whole and filtered surface water, and filtered porewater. Overall, MeHg concentrations were greatest in surface water of freshwater wetlands and lowest in the profundal (non-vegetated) regions of the lake and river mainstems. Concentrations of THg and MeHg in filtered surface water were positively correlated with the highly reactive, aromatic (hydrophobic organic acid) fraction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). These results suggest that DOC plays an important role in promoting the mobility, transport and bioavailability of inorganic Hg in these environments. Further, elevated porewater concentrations in marine and brackish wetlands suggest coastal wetlands along the Gulf Coast are key sites for MeHg production and may be a principal source of MeHg to foodwebs in the Gulf of Mexico. Examining the relationships among MeHg, THg, and DOC across these multiple landscape types is a first step in evaluating possible links between key zones for Hg(II)-methylation and the bioaccumulation of mercury in the biota inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico region.     

Ambient Aerosol and its Carbon Content in Gainesville, a Mid-Scale City in Florida

Ambient aerosols were collected during 2000–2001 in Gainesville, Florida, using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) to study mass size distribution and carbon composition. A bimodal mass distribution was found in every sample with major peaks for aerosols ranging from 0.32 to 0.56 μm, and 3.2 to 5.6 μm in diameter. The two distributions represent the fine mode (<2.5 μm) and the coarse mode (>2.5 μm) of particle size. Averaged over all sites and seasons, coarse particles consisted of 15% carbon while fine particles consisted of 22% carbon. Considerable variation was noted between winter and summer seasons. Smoke from fireplaces in winter appeared to be an important factor for the carbon, especially the elemental carbon contribution. In summer, organic carbon was more abundant. The maximum secondary organic carbon was also found in this season (7.0 μg m⁻³), and the concentration is between those observed in urban areas (15–20 μg m⁻³) and in rural areas (4–5 μg m⁻³). However, unlike in large cities where photochemical activity of anthropogenic emissions are determinants of carbon composition, biogenic sources were likely the key factor in Gainesville. Other critical factors that affect the distribution, shape and concentration were precipitation, brushfire and wind.