Recent changes in Red Lake (Romania) sedimentation rate determined from depth profiles of Pb and Cs radioisotopes

This work presents a first estimation of the sedimentation rate for the Red Lake (Romania). The sediment accumulation rates were determined by two well-known methods for recent sediment dating: ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs methods. Both techniques implied used the gamma emission of the above-mentioned radionuclides. The ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in the sediment were measured using a gamma spectrometer with a HpGe detector, Gamma-X type. Activities ranging from 41 ± 7 to 135 ± 34 Bq/kg were found for ²¹⁰Pb and from 3 ± 0.5 to 1054 ± 150 Bq/kg for ¹³⁷Cs. The sediment profile indicates acceleration in sedimentation rate in the last 18 years. Thus, the sedimentation process for the Red Lake can be divided in two periods, the last 18 years, and respectively, the period before that. Using the Constant Rate of ²¹⁰Pb Supply method values between 0.18 ± 0.04 and 1.85 ± 0.5 g/cm² year (0.32 ± 0.08 and 2.83 ± 0.7 cm/year) were obtained. Considering both periods, an average sedimentation rate of 0.87 ± 0.17 g/cm² year (1.17 cm/year) was calculated. Considering an average depth of 5.41 m for the lake and the sedimentation rate estimated for the last 18 years, it could be estimated that the lake will disappear in 195 years.     

末次冰期以来青州黄土光释光测年及其对古气候的指示

黄河下游湿润-半湿润地区的鲁中黄土-古土壤沉积,是记录东亚季风气候变化的良好载体。山东青州邵庄黄土剖面粗颗粒石英(63—90 μm)光释光年代和磁化率、粒度、色度以及主量元素测试结果表明：(1)邵庄黄土末次冰期以来((51.3±2.5)—(8.1±1.1) ka)沉积连续;(2)与粒度、磁化率和色度指标相比,化学蚀变指数能够更灵敏地反映冰期-间冰期沉积旋回;(3)粒度结果表明“古土壤”层中值粒径(16.9—24.6 μm)明显高于下伏黄土层中值粒径(11.8—22.7 μm),主要是因为近源沉积在总的沉积通量中所占比例在冰期-间冰期尺度上的变化;(4)灰黑色“古土壤”层底界年龄为(19.1±1.6) ka,明显老于黄土高原全新世古土壤层底界年代(约10—11 ka),其既包含全新世沉积的加积型土壤,也包含下伏末次冰期黄土层基础上受风化、淋溶形成的非加积型土壤。虽然研究区的“古土壤”包含非加积型土壤,记录了间冰期风化成壤过程,但依然能够反映冰期-间冰期气候旋回,是东亚乃至全球气候变化的产物。     

大渡河石广东古滑坡堰塞湖沉积物光释光年代研究

堰塞是重要的极端地表过程之一,往往会造成灾难性的后果,对古堰塞湖的研究有助于对区域堰塞风险的认识。本文以青藏高原东缘大渡河上游石广东古滑坡堰塞湖为研究对象,地质证据显示该古堰塞湖的堵江高坝高约23 m,堵江滑坡的体积约1.6×10~7 m~3,堰塞湖的最小蓄水量为2.0×10~7 m~3。并选取两个湖相沉积剖面,采用单片再生法(single aliquot regeneration,SAR)与标准生长曲线法(standard growth curve,SGC)相结合的方法,测定了7个样品的光释光(optically stimulated luminescence,OSL)年龄,测年结果表明堰塞湖形成于距今约3.0 ka,结束于1.6 ka,即全新世晚期。初步推测堵江的古滑坡体可能由于地震诱发。     

137Cs Inventory in Abiotic Component and Biota From the Aegean and Ionian Sea - Greece

This study deals with ¹³⁷Cs dispersion and behaviour in the Aegean and Ionian Sea based on work done during the period 1984-1994, as a brief general review. Sea water, sediment and marine biota were analysed and measured by gamma spectrometry and the activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs were evaluated with consideration to the sources of pollution. According to ¹³⁷Cs levels the period is distinguished into three sub-periods, the pre-Chernobyl, the early Chernobyl influence and the late Chernobyl influence period. During the early period of the Chernobyl accident the ¹³⁷Cs levels in the Greek marine environment increased roughly up to an order of magnitude if compared with the pre-accident ones. Since 1988, the late impact of the accident is focused mainly in the North Aegean Sea, at the Dardanelles mouth, due to the Black Sea outflow.     

新疆核试验场周围地区主要食品中~(90)Sr(锶)、~(137)Cs(铯)水平及其所致居民剂量

本文报道了新疆核试验场周围地区9个调查区17种主要食品中~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs含量分别为1.1～72.3,0.3～40.7×10~(-2)B_q·Kg~(-1);3个对照区分别为1.6～68.4,0.6～27.4×10~(-2)B_q·K_g~(-1)。两地区同类食品中~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs平均含量基本一致。调查区~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs所致成年居民有效剂量当量值分别为2μSV(集体剂量当量为30.0人· SV);0.3μSV(4.5人· SV)。对照区分别为2.2μSV(集体剂量当量为20.9人·SV);0.4μSV(3.0人·SV)。可见我国核试验产生的~(90)Sr、~(137)Cs对核试验场周围地区食品没有造成明显的局部污染,所致居民剂量当量负担仅为我国天然外照射所致年有效剂量当量(952μSV)的0.2％和0.03％。对该地区的广大居民健康不会产生有害的影响。     

Fractal and multifractal approach to environmental pollution

A few case studies will be presented involving both radioactive and chemical pollution at small, medium, and large space-time scales. Reported are recent advances in the field of environmental pollution involving the use of fractals and multifractals. The mathematical tools proposed here may offer new perspectives for investigating many of the problems of nonlinear variability which commonly arise when dealing with pollutants, such as the presence of outliers and the sparseness of the sampling networks. They may also lead to a simplification of the models adopted for studying natural phenomena, thanks to a scaling approach. Finally, they may provide parameters whose values are directly related to the nonlinear dynamics involved in the pollutant distribution in the environment which, in turn, may be relevant for computer simulation and epidemiological or risk assessment purposes.     

西沙赵述岛和北岛海鸟遗迹14C年代模型及意义

对采自西沙赵述岛和北岛的沉积剖面ZS2、BD1进行分析,两个剖面具有十分相似的物源组成和岩性变化。通过测定剖面中海鸟残体的~(14)C年龄,运用传统方法以及Clam和Bacon程序建立了ZS2和BD1沉积剖面的年龄-深度模型。对比年龄-深度模型发现,Bacon程序运用MCMC作为迭代算法,排除异常数据影响,拟合得到的曲线单调相比较于Clam年龄模型显得更为合理。所建立的年代学模型为后期的气候环境演变研究提供了基础。根据Bacon程序所构建的年龄-深度模型结果,我们发现近千年来ZS2和BD1剖面处的平均沉积速率分别为0.86 mm?a~(-1)和1.26 mm?a~(-1)。采样点的沉积速率在一定程度上代表了岛屿的垂向生长速率,均低于当前海平面的平均上升速率。同时,鸟骨的~(14)C年龄也揭示了赵述岛海鸟活动时间应不晚于AD 1172—1290,而海鸟开始在北岛活动的时间则不晚于AD 984—1140。     

砂岩和花岗岩岩石表层光释光信号晒退速率对比及测年意义

光释光信号已被成功地应用于岩石表层暴露、埋藏年龄的测定以及判别岩石经历的曝光和埋藏历史。本文选择红褐色石英砂岩和灰白色黑云母花岗岩进行了岩块和岩片晒退不同时间的实验研究,结果显示:岩石光释光信号(IR_(50);IRSL)可被光(阳光和全光谱模拟太阳灯灯光)快速晒退。曝光一定时间后,岩块表层一定深度的光释光信号可以归零,且随曝光时间的延长,自暴露面向内的光释光信号归零深度也随之加深。砂岩和花岗岩光晒退对比实验结果显示:与深色砂岩相比,浅色的花岗岩有更高的光释光信号晒退速率。实验同时揭示:本研究所采用的红外光源激发获得的光释光信号来自岩片(1.2 mm)表层一定深度,并没有完全穿透该岩片。该研究为了解不同岩性岩石的光释光信号晒退速率、测年对象的合理选择以及岩石样品采集、前处理和测试等提供了实验数据支持。     

冰碛物电子自旋共振信号测量的基本流程

电子自旋共振（ESR）法是一种用于直接测量和研究含有未成对电子的顺磁性物质的分析方法。ESR测年是应用这种分析方法对沉积物最后一次埋藏以来的年代进行测定。相比于其他方法,它具有测年范围广,测试的样品种类多,样品可以重复测量,测量周期短等优势。20世纪80年代以来我国开始进行沉积物ESR测年与研究,但是在冰碛物ESR测年的制样和测量过程中存在一些问题。本文介绍冰碛物ESR测年的过程：样品野外采集时剖面的选取及其注意事项;详细描述提纯冰碛物中石英颗粒的前处理过程;石英颗粒经过人工辐照后在顺磁波谱仪上测试ESR信号并拟合古剂量过程中的具体方法和需要注意的问题。从实验中得到,用0.063 —0.125 mm粒径的组分提纯石英砂比较困难,前处理过程中试剂和时间消耗量大,因此建议ESR测年时：在样品充足的情况下选用细颗粒组分（0.063—0.125 mm）,样品不充足的情况下选用中颗粒部分（0.125—0.25 mm）。待测样品中存在其他矿物会对石英的ESR信号有影响,因此在提纯石英过程中用重液分选提高石英纯度并可以增强测量的ESR信号的稳定性。经过氢氟酸刻蚀后的样品,石英的纯度要达到95%—99%或以上。对于冰碛物ESR测年过程中ESR信号的选择需要参照样品自身的特点,综合考虑多次尝试才能确定用常温Ge心信号还是低温的Al心、Ti心作为样品中石英的ESR测年信号。通过规范的采样、制样和ESR信号测量流程,使样品的定年能够被不同的人重复,并能够进行不同区域之间的对比。