分散土工程破坏机理与治理研究现状

分散土工程破坏一直广泛存在,针对分散土工程破坏的机理研究仅仅停留在分散土本身的分散机理研究上;因自然环境因素对分散土工程破坏的影响机理和治理措施研究明显不足。本文总结阐述了国内外分散土工程破坏4种不同特征形态,并对4种破坏形态进行机理分析。对当前分散土工程改性和破坏治理现状进行了讨论,指出分散土改性和治理所面对的问题与挑战,为工程建设提供一定参考。     

Institutional challenges to robustness of delta and floodplain agricultural systems

The farming of natural coastal deltas and floodplains was in many parts of the world the cradle of civilization. Through history the transformation of risky floodplain systems into socially controlled environments was the result of an intricate interplay between ecology, demography, religion, social organization and technology of the time. After the harnessing of most large tropical rivers, there are in our time few natural deltas and floodplains left to study in the warm regions of the world. One such floodplain is the Rufiji coastal delta and floodplain in Tanzania. Here an artificial irrigation culture has not been developed, but a robust risk-minimizing system based on rice, maize, cotton and peas has evolved for delta and floodplain agriculture. Through the Arab, German and British colonization, attempts were made to ‘modernize’ this agricultural system, resulting in new crops and varieties being incorporated into the system in a way that made it even more robust. This study explains the genesis of this as a socio-ecological system, that is, an interaction of resource systems, resource units, governance and users. It analyses some fundamental challenges to this agricultural system during the last 100 years: the removal of the floodplain population to ‘safe ujamaa villages’, the recurring large infrastructure development initiatives and the modern institutional challenges such as individualized tenure, urban food market expansion, coastal and marine conservation, and the recent development of ‘land-grabbing’ practices.     

中国环境外交的历史演变与现实挑战

自1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议以来,中国环境外交活动,取得了显著的成就,并成为中国总体外交中的重要组成部分。然而,新形势给新时期的环境外交带来了巨大的挑战。为此,本文面对新形势提出相应对策。     

Agricultural production and sustainable development in a Brazilian region (Southwest,São Paulo State): motivations and barriers to adopting sustainable and ecologically friendly practices

The objective of this study is to identify the adoption level of practices associated with more sustainable agriculture and environmentally friendly practices. Additionally, the motivations for and barriers to the adoption of these practices by farmers are investigated. Data were collected through closed questionnaires taken by a random sample of farmers in the Southwest, São Paulo, Brazil, during the second half of 2013. Overall, sustainable agricultural practices recommended in the literature and analysed in this study are being not fully adopted by farmers of the studied area. The results showed that financial motivation is associated with farmers adopting new, more sustainable technology, whereas the lack of information on and lack of technical support for these technologies are significant barriers. Other results, research implications, limitations and suggestions for future research are presented.     

Planning Environmental Impact Assessment Orienting Sustainable Development:Opportunities and Challenges

1 INTRODUCTION Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a useful and effective instrument for sustainable development. Most countries require instruction projects to carry out EIA. EIA of our country began at the end of the 1970s; Chinais one of the earliest countries that carried out Project EIA. Through the fulfillment of more than 20 years, this system has been improved gradually and is playing a significant role in facilitating the enterprise reasonable layout and optimal addres…     

碳排放交易体系的构建、挑战与市场拓展

碳排放权通过市场交易实现效率配置,有理论与实践支撑。"碳排放"作为一种"恶品",需要不断压缩或定额管控,与"善品"有着本质不同。因而,"碳排放"市场交易有着固有的困境。在国内碳市场构建中,困境还会得到强化。因为,1中国与国际社会、中央与地方、地方之间、政府与企业存在多重博弈,受经济、政治、环境、社会多重因素的制约,排放总量的确定和分配具有潜在的不确定性。2"碳"的核算从属于能源,并不完全独立,是一种具有被动属性的交易品,企业的选择与能效和节能关联,则"用能权"和"碳排放权"重叠。由于碳作为交易品的从属和被动属性,企业的经营决策的碳约束可能被弱化或边缘化,对消费者的价格信号部分失真。3开放的、竞争的市场才是有效率的。但是从欧盟的碳排放贸易体系和国内的试点看,这一系统则是相对封闭的。4如果说高碳产品低品质可以通过市场的自我调节而对企业有所约束,而城市基础设施锁定的碳,其成本只能由全社会担承,在碳排放交易体系中得不到实际体现。5用能权和碳排放权有可能一体兼容,但是,碳交易的市场激励传递受到一些体制性因素的约束而失效。因此,中国的碳交易体系构建,需要在顶层设计中考虑碳排放的属性特点,拓展碳排放交易的市场空间。首先,在认知上将"碳交易"从约束变为一种机遇。其次,国家需要将碳纳入预算管理,实现效率配置和有效管控。再次,建立发展导向的碳交易市场,拓展碳市场规模。如纳入森林碳汇,碳市场与生态补偿相关联。最后,鼓励净零碳城市建设。     

传感器技术在环境空气监测与污染治理中的应用现状、问题与展望

大气环境污染物监测是建立污染源与环境污染关系的重要技术途径,也是大气综合治理决策所需数据的主要来源。近年来,空气质量精细化管理和污染源精准控制的需求逐渐增长,对监测技术提出了更高的要求。传感器技术作为空气质量监测标准方法的补充,是实现城市空气质量高时空分辨率测量的新手段。研究从传感器的原理及分类入手,通过综述其在环境空气质量监测、污染源监控管理、个人暴露风险评估等领域的应用,总结了传感器技术的研发进展、应用现状和存在问题,并提出其发展方向和前景。     

Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world

Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) is a key topic in conservation and agricultural research. Decision makers need evidence-based information to design sustainable management plans and policy instruments. However, providing objective decision support can be challenging because realities and perceptions of human–wildlife interactions vary widely between and within rural, urban, and peri-urban areas. Land users who incur costs through wildlife argue that wildlife-related losses should be compensated and that prevention should be subsidized. Supporters of human–wildlife coexistence policies, such as urban-dwelling people, may not face threats to their livelihoods from wildlife. Such spatial heterogeneity in the cost and benefits of living with wildlife is germane in most contemporary societies. This Special Section features contributions on wildlife-induced damages that range from human perspectives (land use, psychology, governance, local attitudes and perceptions, costs and benefits, and HWC and coexistence theory) to ecological perspectives (animal behavior). Building on current literature and articles in this section, we developed a conceptual model to help frame HWC and coexistence dimensions. The framework can be used to determine damage prevention implementation levels and approaches to HWC resolution. Our synthesis revealed that inter- and transdisciplinary approaches and multilevel governance approaches can help stakeholders and institutions implement sustainable management strategies that promote human–wildlife coexistence.     

Using the sustainable development goals towards a better understanding of sustainability challenges

The United Nations General Assembly agreed and approved in September 2015 the document ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, which contains a set of measures aiming to balance economic progress and protection of the environment, whilst at the same time remain aware of the need to address the many disparities still seen between industrialised and developing countries. The Agenda document consists of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which among many other tasks, intend to eradicate poverty and create better health conditions in both developed and developing countries. But despite the need for and the relevance of the SDGs, it is unclear how they may help to address present and future sustainability challenges. Based on the need to shed some light on such a relationship, this paper describes each of the SDGs, and offers an analysis of the extent to which their implementation may offer support to ongoing attempts to handle some of the pressing problems seen in pursuing sustainable development. Three case studies are presented to show in practice how best the SDGs can be handled. The paper concludes that the process of implementing the SDGs offers unrivalled opportunities to advance equal opportunity and foster economic empowerment, helping countries to promote the cause of sustainable development in their territories, hence benefiting their populations.     

Challenges and proposals for managing major accident risk through the planning process

Major accidents are characterized by complex causal patterns with many factors influencing the occurrence of such accidents. The causes can be found not just in the execution of the work, but also in the preparations and planning before performing the work. In this paper, we have identified a set of challenges related to planning that may influence major accident risk. The basis is theoretical and partly empirical. The theoretical part is from a study of major accident theories. The empirical part includes studies of investigation reports, interviews and a workshop. The challenges identified can be grouped into four main topics including inadequate plan, inadequate planning, inadequate shared overview and understanding and late risk identification. The challenges have subsequently been addressed through a set of proposed improvements, which are aimed at improving the planning process to better manage major accident risk.