基于空间视角的资源流动内涵与构成要素的再思考

资源流动研究已成为资源科学领域新的研究视角和学科成长点,但对资源流动的理论提升、方法总结和范式探讨依然相对较少。论文从地理学的空间视角,对资源流动的内涵及构成要素进行分析。论文给出资源流动的定义,并指出,节点具有业务职能功能、效用功能及社会经济功能,空间位置和流量是节点两个突出的空间特征,不同的节点必然会形成不同的等级,未来应加强对节点功能的量化分析以及完善和发展节点分布特征及等级划分的研究方法;通道和网络具备从属和引导功能,衡量其发育程度主要根据网络的结构特征与网络节点特征,未来应探讨伴随新的交通方式而出现的新功能,系统地对通道网络进行优化分析,构建集多种运输方式为一体的多方式的资源流动通道网络优化模型,针对资源流动流量、强度以及成本等因素进行优化研究;域面是节点、通道网络的载体,根据资源流动节点吸引和辐射的范围,可以将域面划分为不同的等级,加强国际市场因素对我国资源流动域面影响的研究。同时指出,进一步从理论上探讨节点、通道、流动网络及流场的类型,在流动中所起的作用以及彼此之间的作用机制等,将是对资源流动构成要素研究的重要突破。     

煤层钻孔失稳机理研究进展

高瓦斯松软煤层、软硬复合煤层和突出煤层深孔钻进是公认的世界性难题,已成为制约部分高瓦斯和突出矿井瓦斯治理效果的瓶颈。尽管众多研究者在钻孔施工装备及工艺的改进方面开展了大量卓有成效的工作,但因煤层钻孔失稳机理尚未完全揭示,钻孔成孔工艺缺乏理论支撑,上述难题至今仍未破解。从煤体结构判识及分类、含流体煤力学特性、失稳机理三方面入手,系统介绍了煤层钻孔失稳机理的研究进展,探讨了该领域亟待解决的问题;最后指出,含流体煤卸载过程中,煤层钻孔在流-固-应力耦合作用下的失稳破坏机制研究,是破解煤层深孔钻进难题的重点方向之一。     

气体钻井突发性井壁失稳动力演化机理及试验研究

从致密砂岩损伤破坏的角度出发,综合考虑致密砂岩的物理力学性质、地应力、裂缝圈闭高压等因素,在分析孔隙压力、地应力、裂缝圈闭高压在突发性井壁失稳过程中所起的作用基础上,将气体钻井突发性井壁失稳具有强烈时间效应的动态力学过程分为孕育、突变、井筒运移和终止4个阶段。对裂缝圈闭高压、地应力作用下致密砂岩的加速损伤演化引起的突发性井壁失稳机理进行了阐述,裂缝圈闭高压是突发性井壁失稳的主要动力源,地应力对突发性井壁失稳起辅助作用。通过模拟实验表明,受地应力破坏后的致密砂岩岩体在有裂缝情况下,卸压初始时刻释放的能量是无裂缝时的5~10倍,且该能量与动力学失稳密切相关。     

CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION AND OVERBANK FLOW IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT1

ABSTRACT: Historic changes in stream channel morphology were investigated in the Georgia Piedmont to better understand the hydrologic processes and functioning of the region's riverine systems. USGS gaging station data and channel geomorphology data were collected from thirty study sites in the Upper Oconee River Basin for flood frequency analysis. Historic and modern (i.e., present-day) channel capacity discharge (i.e., overbank flow) was calculated using Manning's equation and historic channel cross-section records. The recurrence interval for overbank flow was estimated for each site from flood frequency data. Results indicate that channel expansion has occurred throughout the basin, especially in upper reaches. Recurrence intervals for modern overbank events were variable and generally high ranging from < 2 to > 500 years for first to third order streams. They were less variable and lower for fourth and fifth order streams, ranging from < 2 to 3 years. Potential depositional thresholds were identified that exemplify the complex response of sediment distribution patterns throughout the basin. Results indicate overbank flows occur less frequently now than they once did due to historic accelerated sedimentation and subsequent channel expansion. One application of these findings is that these basin processes are likely applicable across the region and may impact the hydrologic functioning of associated Piedmont riverine wetlands that depend on flooding regimes.     

Channel Evolution Models as Predictors of Sediment Yield

This paper recounts our predictions of channel evolution of the Black Vermillion River (BVR) and sediment yields associated with the evolutionary sequence. Channel design parameters allowed for the prediction of stable channel form and coincident sediment yields. Measured erosion rates and basin‐specific bank erosion curves aided in prediction of the stream channel succession time frame. This understanding is critical in determining how and when to mitigate a myriad of instability consequences. The BVR drains approximately 1,062 km² in the glaciated region of Northeast Kansas. Once tallgrass prairie, the basin has been modified extensively for agricultural production. As such, channelization has shortened the river by nearly 26 km from pre‐European dimensions; shortening combined with the construction of numerous flow‐through structures have produced dramatic impacts on discharge and sediment dynamics. Nine stream reaches were established within three main tributaries of the BVR in 2007. Reaches averaged 490 m in length, were surveyed, and assessed for channel stability, while resurveys were conducted annually through 2010 to monitor change. This work illustrates the association of current stream state, in‐channel sediment contributions, and prediction of future erosion rates based on stream evolution informed by multiple models. Our findings suggest greater and more rapid sedimentation of a federal reservoir than has been predicted using standard sediment prediction methods.     

Specificity of communication channels in four limacodid moths: Darna bradleyi, Darna trima, Setothosea asigna, and Setora nitens (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)

Summary. Darna bradleyi Holloway, D. trima Moore, Setothosea asigna van Eecke and Setora nitens Walker are sympatric and coseasonal limacodid moths in plantations of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Palmae), in Borneo, southeast Asia. We tested the hypothesis that these four species maintain reproductive isolation through specificity in diel periods of communication, microlocation for communication and/or communication signal (pheromone). Studying diel periodicity of calling behavior by female moths and response by male moths to traps baited with virgin females or synthetic pheromone, we determined that sexual communication of D. bradleyi and D. trima took place from ˜17:30 to 18:45 hr and that of S. asigna and S. nitens from ˜18:45 to 20:00 hr and from ˜18:30 to 19:30 hr, respectively. Over 80% of male S. asigna and S. nitens were captured in pheromone-baited traps suspended >5 m high, whereas male D. bradleyi and D. trima were captured mostly in traps <5 m high. Synthetic pheromone baits attracted male moths in a species-specific manner. Moreover, baits containing both S. asigna and S. nitens pheromones failed to attract any male moths, indicating that female S. asigna and S. nitens, with overlapping communication periods, use bifunctional pheromone components that attract conspecific males while repelling heterospecifics. Similarly, addition of D. bradleyi pheromone to S. asigna or S. nitens pheromone reduced attraction of male S. asigna and S. nitens. The failure of D. bradleyi and D. trima, which overlap in time and microlocation for communication, to evolve bifunctional pheromones may be attributed to the recent occurrence of sympatry between D. bradleyi and D. trima in Borneo, apparently too recent for bifunctional pheromones to have evolved. We conclude that D. bradleyi, D. trima, S. asigna and S. nitens utilize any or all of diel periodicity, intra and interspecific effects of communication signal and/or microlocation for signaling, allowing these limacodids to co-inhabit the same habitat and remain reproductively isolated. Received 5 May 2000; accepted 18 August 2000     

梯形渠道岸边排污浓度分布的理论分析

从无限区域圆形瞬时源扩散的浓度分布公式人手,推导出梯形区域内瞬时线源扩散的近似浓度计算公式,进而得到了梯形渠道岸边排污的浓度分布公式计算公式表明,边坡倾角对污染物的浓度分布影响较大,浓度值随边坡倾角的增加而减小,近似遵循双曲线的递减规律.浓度分布解析解得到了扩散方程数值解的良好验证,两者在污染源附近有所差异,但随着距污染源距离的增加,计算结果愈加吻合,该解析公式可为天然河流岸边污染混合区的污染物浓度估算提供有力的工具.     

大气红外辐射超高光谱探测仪临边探测—污染气体的反演精度和光谱通道评估

利用RFM模式,模拟计算了在研仪器—大气红外辐射超高光谱探测仪的临边探测模式下大气污染气体体积混合比的权重函数.结合仪器的可探测亮温阈值（0.3 K）,利用权重函数线性化方法,计算并分析了6种大气状态下,气体混合比廓线在不同反演精度条件下可获得的光谱通道数随切点高度的变化,并给出了可用光谱通道在不同切点高度的位置.结果表明,随着相对反演精度的降低,可用光谱通道数量增加,除热带大气外,其它5种大气在10%臭氧反演精度和5%甲烷反演精度条件下有足够的通道,可用于反演4.6 km以上的混合比廓线.CO在15%反演精度条件下,6种大气均能获得反演6.9 km以上廓线的光谱通道.近地面切点高度反演比较困难,很难获得较高的反演精度.可用光谱通道位置与气体吸收线位置特别是峰值区域一致,也与气体模拟亮温高值区一致.     

弯道明渠内危化品泄漏扩散的数值模拟

自由水面流动和危化品水体迁移扩散过程属有界性问题,利用两相流理论建立三维瞬态VOF动力学模型,在其基础上提出危化品水体迁移扩散的浓度压缩性微分方程,有限容积法离散方程,高分辨率Gamma离散格式适用于解决有界性问题,用Gamma格式离散VOF和危化品迁移扩散方程的对流项。对Chang实验的弯曲水槽的流动及危化品扩散进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果较吻合。笔者建立的数学模型能准确地模拟水流三维特性突出的弯道水槽的流场和危化品水体迁移扩散过程。     

明渠污水流量的自动监测仪介绍

为了配合国家发放水污染物排污许可证的管理,设计研制出新一代明渠污水流量自动监测装置,并已推广应用.该装置具有计量准确,抗干扰力强,适用范围广,耐腐蚀,不堵塞,不受液体中悬浮物和气泡的影响等优点,且造价低廉,管理使用方便.