易失稳瓦斯抽采钻孔加固技术数值模拟研究

针对松软煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔稳定性差、钻孔形变较大、钻孔及周围煤体漏风严重等造成钻孔密封难的技术难题,提出了预先采用加固技术来提高松软煤层瓦斯抽采钻孔的稳定性,合理的解决钻孔高效密封的现实难题。首先,阐述了易失稳瓦斯抽采钻孔加固技术的基本原理。其次,利用FLAC3D模拟软件对比分析了松软煤层、硬质煤层在不同固孔材料固化后钻孔周围位移场变化。研究表明:采取固孔措施后的钻孔相比措施前等值线分布稀疏,梯度较小,不同位置处的煤体的位移量差别较小。钻孔形成后,顶部位移量均大于底部位移量,左右两帮的位移量基本相同,有效的降低钻孔周边煤体的位移变化量,增强钻孔稳定性,为钻孔的高效密封提供了保障。     

机体细胞镉摄入离子转运通道研究进展

镉是人体非必需金属离子,长期镉暴露易引发镉中毒。机体内没有负责镉转运的特定载体,镉可通过必需金属离子转运载体进入机体细胞。机体内能够转运镉的载体有多种,主要包括铁的转运载体二价金属离子转运蛋白1(DMT1)、钙离子通道(电压门控钙通道(VGCC)、瞬时感受器电位(TRP)和钙库调控的钙通道(SOC))以及锌铁调控蛋白ZIP家族中的ZIP8和ZIP14等,且不同的机体细胞镉吸收所需转运载体不同。转运载体对镉离子的转运符合米氏方程,不同载体调节镉吸收的米氏常数Km值不同。机体细胞镉的吸收是个复杂的过程,通常存在着多种转运载体的交互作用,机体细胞可根据环境变化而选择镉的转运载体。对镉的生理毒性,以及细胞镉吸收常用的转运载体类型加以阐述,并分析了不同机体细胞镉吸收的可能转运载体,以期为后续探究机体细胞镉吸收具体分子机制提供理论指导。     

气固两相流下球阀磨损特性研究

旋塞球阀是钻柱内防喷系统中的关键设备,在气固两相流下球阀易受磨损而失效,并造成严重的井喷事故。为此,将计算流体动力学理论与冲蚀磨损理论相结合,运用FLUENT软件对球阀壁面在气固两相流下的磨损分布情况进行研究,并进一步分析了球阀结构参数对于球阀壁面磨损的影响规律。结果表明:当气固两相流流经球阀时,固体颗粒会与气流分离,并在壁面上产生三处磨损集中区;随着球阀开度的减小,球阀壁面磨损量会急剧增大,且阀球内通道壁面上的磨损集中区由块状逐步转化为带状,而球阀出口处的磨损集中区则会逐渐向下移动;球阀流道直径的减小也会使得壁面磨损量增加,但磨损集中区的分布基本不变。研究结果可为进一步优化球阀流道结构以减轻其壁面磨损提供理论依据。     

Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study1

Lu, Haorong, S. Samuel Li, and Jinsong Guo, 2012. Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12003 Abstract: Fluctuations in water submersion of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China have not been explored in spite of their important implications for shoreline erosion and other undesirable consequences. This article aims to quantify the monthly fluctuations in response to changing hydraulic parameters and regional climatic factors. Flow velocity and water levels distributed along the 609‐km long dammed river reservoir are calculated with a one‐dimensional hydrodynamics model. Evaporation of water from the surface of the reservoir is determined using mass transfer‐based methods. Calculated flow velocities and water levels compare well with field data. We show that the water surface slope decreases with rising water level at the dam, and decreases to almost zero during the winter months of water storage when the downstream water level reaches the normal pool level. The submersion area varies between 830 and 1,070 km² over the year or over 20% of the reservoir zone will experience the annual cycle of dry land and partial or complete submersion. These fluctuations are of relevance to shoreline management and to the prevention and restoration of shoreline erosion. Evaporation is estimated to fluctuate between 1,240 and 26,110 tons of water per month per kilometer length of reservoir channel; this can possibly affect the hydrological budget of the reservoir region. The simple methodologies discussed in this article can easily be applied to other dammed river reservoirs for submersion estimates.     

基于G1-VPRS-MIE多层次灰色理论的引水明渠运行风险评价

引水明渠的安全运行风险评价对减少和预防其在输水运行过程中的灾害发生、提高其在运营期间的社会经济效益具有重要的意义。为了对引水明渠在运行期间的风险进行合理赋权和评价,通过科学合理的方法构建了多指标参数的明渠运行风险影响因素指标体系,包括主体结构风险、自然风险、水污染风险、组织管理风险和运行调度风险5个风险因子子系统及20个二级指标在内的评价指标体系;运用G1和VPRS法分别确定各指标的主观权重和客观权重,结合MIE理论优化指标权重;根据明渠工程的运行特点,选取多层次灰色理论计算引水明渠运行风险值,并根据相关规范和安全风险评价实践确定风险评价等级。将该模型应用于引大入秦工程中,结果表明:采用序关系分析法(G1法)和变精度粗糙集理论(VPRS)并结合最小信息熵原理(MIE)的权重确定方法(G1-VPRS-MIE),不但避免了层次分析法过度依赖专家的主观经验、克服了粗糙集理论在边界刻画的局限性,而且弥补了主观和客观方法相结合的不足;对于指标权重的确定更加客观合理,既能满足所得权重的客观性,也能保证评估结果具有一定的解释性,同时能够减少单一权重计算的偏差;多层次灰色评价模型对于引水明渠安全运行风险等级的确定较为有效,并得出其风险等级为中等偏高,与实际情况一致。研究成果为引水明渠工程安全运行提供了一定的参考,同时可为类似气候环境的引水明渠区域规划、设计、施工提供有效的借鉴。     

Factors promoting or inhibiting Turing instability in spatially extended prey-predator systems

The emergence of inhomogeneities in the distributions of the abundances of spatially extended prey-predator systems is investigated. The method of analysis, based on the notion of diffusive (Turing) instability, is systematically applied to nine different models obtained by introducing an extra-factor into the standard Rosenzweig-MacArthur prey-predator model. The analysis confirms that the standard model is critical in the context of Turing instability, and that the introduction of any small amount of the extra-factor can easily promote or inhibit the emergence of spatial patterns.     

内流激发垂直悬臂管振动失稳特性实验研究

目的 研究管道内部流速和浸没深度对细长柔性悬臂管道振动特性的影响规律。方法 通过位移传感器采集管道振动位移时程,计算管道振幅、时频特性、相位变迁和振动频率,分析内流在输流过程中所激发的管道振动失稳特性。结果 随着内流流速的增加,垂直悬臂管会经历静态、前失稳和后失稳3个不同状态。管道振幅随内流流速的增加而明显增大,但振动频率只是缓慢上升。随着管道浸没深度的增加,管道振动失稳整体减弱。结论 内流流速和浸没深度均是影响管道振动失稳特性的关键因素。     

南京市内河道沉积物中重金属元素形态及Pb稳定同位素组成

采集南京市居住和商业区内的河道沉积物,研究重金属元素的形态分布及Pb稳定同位素组成,探讨城市河道沉积物中重金属的迁移潜力和推断污染特征. 沉积物中重金属改良的BCR三步顺序提取研究表明,沉积物中Cd和Zn主要分布于酸溶态;Pb和Cu主要分布于可氧化态;Ni和Cr主要分布于残渣态. Cd和Zn的环境效应最值得关注,而Ni和Cr环境影响最小. 沉积物中m(208Pb)/m(206Pb)和m(206Pb)/m(207Pb)分别为2.102 4～2.123 9和1.159 3～1.184 5. 居住和商业区内的河道沉积物Pb稳定同位素组成相近,具有相似污染源. 居住和商业区内沉积物的Pb稳定同位素比率与文献中南京大气、城市土壤Pb稳定比率相似,因而河道沉积物重金属富集与城市重金属污染密切相关.      

EVALUATION OF THE ROSGEN STREAM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IN CHEQUAMEGON‐NICOLET NATIONAL FOREST,WISCONSIN1

ABSTRACT: Data collected from 121 stream reaches during 1991 to 1993 were evaluated to determine the applicability of the Rosgen Stream Classification System (RSCS) to the low relief terrain within the Chequamegon‐Nicolet National Forest (CNNF) in Wisconsin, USA. All reaches were classified to RSCS Level I and II except that 10.7 percent had sinuosities below the continuum limits and one reach had a predominantly organic substrate. Five of eight possible RSCS Level I types were observed including B, C, D, A, E, and F; 86 percent were C and E types. Seventeen of 94 possible RSCS Level II types were observed. Most reaches were slightly entrenched, had low to moderate width/depth ratios, relatively low sinuosity, low slope, and sand or gravel as the dominant channel material. Discriminant analyses were used to verify the applicability of RSCS for streams within the CNNF; discriminant functions correctly classified 92.5 and 94.7 percent of the Level I and II RSCS types, respectively. When limits for E and F types were modified slightly at Level II by adding an additional category for slopes less than 0.1 percent (a modification we recommend for low relief terrain), discriminant functions correctly classified 99.1 percent of the types. Adding another slope break at 0.3 percent produced similar results. Based on our analyses, RSCS works well within the CNNF and is probably applicable to other areas with low‐relief terrain.     

NATURAL RESTABILIZATION OF STREAM CHANNELS IN URBAN WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Stream channels are known to change their form as a result of watershed urbanization, but do they restabilize under subsequent conditions of constant urban land use? Streams in seven developed and developing watersheds (drainage areas 5–35 km²) in the Puget Sound lowlands were evaluated for their channel stability and degree of urbanization, using field and historical data. Protocols for determining channel stability by visual assessment, calculated bed mobility at bankfull flows, and resurveyed cross‐sections were compared and yielded nearly identical results. We found that channel restabilization generally does occur within one or two decades of constant watershed land use, but it is not universal. When (or if) an individual stream will restabilize depends on specific hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics of the channel and its watershed; observed stability is not well predicted by simply the magnitude of urban development or the rate of ongoing land‐use change. The tendency for channel restabilization suggests that management efforts focused primarily on maintaining stability, particularly in a still‐urbanizing watershed, may not always be necessary. Yet physical stability alone is not a sufficient condition for a biologically healthy stream, and additional rehabilitation measures will almost certainly be required to restore biological conditions in urban systems.