京津冀大气污染传输通道区大气污染时空格局研究

客观理解京津冀大气污染传输通道城市（“2+26”城市）空气污染时空格局对于区域大气污染联合防治具有重要意义.本研究采用遥感数据反演的PM_2.5浓度产品，利用趋势分析法和重心分析法，揭示了京津冀城市大气污染传输通道区2000~2015年大气污染时空格局演化特征.结果表明：（1）区域PM_2.5平均浓度整体呈现出太行山脉区域较低，太行山脉以东较高的格局，城镇地区明显高于周边地区.（2）2000~2015年区域PM_2.5年均浓度总体呈增加趋势，主要表现在2000~2007年，呈显著增加趋势的面积占全区的88.48%，之后呈稳定状态.（3）区域PM_2.5污染重心位于衡水、邢台和德州3市交界处，区域北部大气污染较严重.本研究可为京津冀及周边地区大气污染防治政策制定和措施实施提供参考与支持.     

导流明沟人工湿地治理橡胶废水实践

运用人工湿地原理，采用明沟导流治理橡胶生产废水，其工程投资低，占地面积小，运行稳定，易于管理，去除率高，处理后废水达到国家标准。     

土地荒漠化的成因、危害及防治对策

土地荒漠化是指在干旱、半干旱和某些半湿润、湿润地区,由于气候变化和人类活动等各种因素所造成的土地退化,它使土地生物和经济生产潜力减少,甚至基本丧失.我国是全球荒漠化面积较大、分布较广、危害较严重的国家之一.近年来由于采取了一系列有效的治理措施,荒漠化和沙化整体扩展的趋势已得到初步遏制,但形势依然严峻.     

3种重金属对青萍毒害的研究

对水体中主要的3种重金属(铜、镉、铅)对青萍抗氧化酶系统的几种酶,包括过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,丙二醛(MDA)的含量,可溶性蛋白含量及叶绿体色素含量等指标的影响进行了研究.研究表明青萍对镉污染反应最为敏感,对铜的反应相对缓和一些;青萍在铅的胁迫下表现出无序的状态.因此,青萍不适合应用于重金属镉污染的富营养化水体的治理和生态修复中.     

荷兰浅水湖的生态恢复实践

湖泊的富营养化导致了湖泊生态系统的失衡。要使湖泊获得生态恢复,只通过控制入湖的营养负荷是不够的。荷兰的实践证明,外部营养负荷的大量减少并没有带来预期的恢复效果,而通过湖泊的换水和生物控制,湖泊的透明度、水生植物等得到了迅速改善。根据荷兰方面提供的资料,介绍了荷兰通过换水和生物控制进行浅水湖的生态恢复实践和取得的经验。     

昆明城市生态河道建设探讨

在城市河道治理过程中，由于只片面强调防洪、排水，忽略了河道的其他功能，致使河道越挖越宽、越挖越深、越修越直，而河水越来越臭、越来越脏。建设生态河道是解决这些问题的唯一出路，既要顾及河道排洪、防洪等基本功能，又要保持河道生态系统的完整性。     

阴山北麓丘陵区林草建设与生态恢复--以固阳县忽鸡沟乡小六分子村为例

针对阴山北麓生态环境特点和主要环境问题，以固阳县忽鸡沟乡大六分子村为基点，应用恢复生态学的基本理论和生态经济学原理，以恢复生态系统良性循环为目标，通过实施以林草建设为核心的一系列植被恢复与重建措施，使遭受破坏的生态系统逐步得到恢复并步入良性循环的轨道，为阴山北麓广大地区生态恢复探索一条切实可行的有效途径。     

COLD WATER PATCHES IN WARM STREAMS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE INFLUENCE OF SHADING1

ABSTRACT: Discrete cold water patches within the surface waters of summer warm streams afford potential thermal refuge for cold water fishes during periods of heat stress. This analysis focused on reach scale heterogeneity in water temperatures as influenced by local influx of cooler subsurface waters. Using field thermal probes and recording thermistors, we identified and characterized cold water patches (at least 3°C colder than ambient streamflow temperatures) potentially serving as thermal refugia for cold water fishes. Among 37 study sites within alluvial valleys of the Grande Ronde basin in northeastern Oregon, we identified cold water patches associated with side channels, alcoves, lateral seeps, and floodplain spring brooks. These types differed with regard to within floodplain position, area, spatial thermal range, substrate, and availability of cover for fish. Experimental shading cooled daily maximum temperatures of surface waters within cold water patches 2 to 4°C, indicating a strong influence of riparian vegetation on the expression of cold water patch thermal characteristics. Strong vertical temperature gradients associated with heating of surface layers of cold water patches exposed to solar radiation, superimposed upon vertical gradients in dissolved oxygen, can partially restrict suitable refuge volumes for stream salmonids within cold water patches.     

UNCERTAINTY IN ESTIMATING BANKFULL CONDITIONS1

ABSTRACT: Bankfull depth and discharge are basic input parameters to stream planform, stream restoration, and highway crossing designs, as well as to the development of hydraulic geometry relationships and the classification of streams. Unfortunately, there are a wide variety of definitions for bankfull that provide a range of values, and the actual selection of bankfull is subjective. In this paper, the relative uncertainty in determining the bankfull depth and discharge is quantified, first by examining the variability in the estimates of bankfull and second by using fuzzy numbers to describe bankfull depth. Fuzzy numbers are used to incorporate uncertainty due to vagueness in the definition of bankfull and subjectivity in the selection of bankfull. Examples are provided that demonstrate the use of a fuzzy bankfull depth in sediment trans. port and in stream classification. Using fuzzy numbers to describe bankfull depth rather than a deterministic value allows the engineer to base designs and decisions on a range of possible values and associated degrees of belief that the bankfull depths take on each value in that range.     

胡杨林的衰退原因与林地恢复策略

胡杨广布于地中海沿岸并呈带状东延至中国和蒙古人民共和国。目前,胡杨林已普遍呈不同程度退化,以塔里木盆地为例,垦伐等人为因素使林地总面积迅速减少。现场观测发现,一些林区缺乏胸径20cm以下的立木,而该地从1972年以来断绝洪水来源,显示洪水对幼苗补给可能存在相关,该地断绝洪水多年后,2002年重新出现洪泛过程,洪水退后出现大量的幼苗生长,从而证实洪水过程是胡杨幼林发生的必要条件。本文就此现象提出恢复部分林地的对策。