Syntrophic co-culture of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia for degradation of kraft lignin discharged from rayon grade pulp industry

In order to search the degradability of kraft lignin, the potential bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (GU193980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193981) were isolated, screened and applied in axenic and co-culture conditions. Results revealed that mixed culture showed better decolorization efficiency (80%) and reduction of pollution parameters (COD 73% and BOD 62%) than axenic culture. This indicated syntrophic growth of these two bacteria rather than any antagonistic effect. The HPLC analysis of degraded samples of kraft lignin has shown the reduction in peak area compared to control, suggesting that decrease in color intensity might be largely attributed to the degradation of lignin by isolated bacteria. Further, the GC–MS analysis showed that most of the compounds detected in control were diminished after bacterial treatment. Further, the seed germination test using Phaseolus aureus has supported the detoxification of bacterial decolorized kraft lignin for environmental safety. All these observations have revealed that the developed bacterial co-culture was capable for the effective degradation and decolorization of lignin containing rayon grade pulp mill wastewater for environmental safety.     

大型磷肥生产企业环境风险研究

对大型磷肥企业生产过程中存在的风险进行识别,进行风险事故源项分析,讨论了风险事故后果的计算方法,并提出相应的风险管理措施。     

化工园区水环境风险公共应急设施布局研究

重大事故状态下,单个化工企业的风险防控设施(应急池等)无法控制事故污水的情形下,整个化工园区的公共应急设施十分必要.在化工园区环境风险特征分析、突发事故次生水环境污染发生过程分析的基础上,提出建立整个化工园区的水环境风险三级防控体系,统一规划布局园区水环境风险公共应急设施,保障事故污水不出园区,根本上提高对事故污水的控制能力,最后以某临港化工园区进行案例分析.     

双甘膦废水处理技术研究

双甘膦废水中含有高浓度总磷、有机磷、甲醛、氰化物、氨氮、COD,运用三效蒸发＋强氧化＋两级化学除磷＋UASB＋兼氧＋好氧组合处理双甘膦废水。研究结果表明双甘膦废水排放满足《污水综合排放标准》（G88978—1996）二级排放标准。     

电子元器件表面化学防护效果的测定研究

目的研究电子元器件表面化学防护的方法。方法应用选择性涂覆设备进行研究并优化工艺条件,选择丙烯酸清漆和稀释剂的体积混合比例从1∶0.2到1∶1进行实验,在100 mm/s的喷涂速度下,喷涂印制板的过程在0.5 min内完成,喷涂的相对标准偏差不超过±0.005 mm。结果涂层厚度可控制在25~75μm的范围内,符合国际标准ICP-CC-830的要求,涂层具有较好的流平性,无气泡、针孔和絮状物,无雾化等。结论这种方法可以成功地应用于印制板上电子元器件表面的化学防护。该方法具有涂覆准确性高,有毒稀释剂消耗量低,涂覆效果好,经济环保等的特点。     

巴里富碳酸盐硫化物尾矿中重金属的赋存状态

本文以广西大厂锡石-硫化物矿区巴里尾矿库的富碳酸盐尾矿(堆放了20余年)作为研究对象,采用BCR三步提取法研究Zn、Cd、Pb和As的化学形态分量以及其总含量在该尾矿铅垂剖面中的分布,并结合尾矿的结构构造、次生和原生矿物成分及其变化等分析,探讨在氧化/酸化条件下富碳酸盐尾矿中重金属的释放机制。研究结果表明:(1)尾矿下层原尾矿中重金属主要以稳定或较稳定的残渣态(As、Pb、Zn、Cd)、氧化物结合态(Pb)及硫化物结合态(Zn、Cd)形式赋存。在酸水淋滤作用下,原尾矿中重金属的释放顺序为Cd≈ZnPbAs;(2)尾矿上部厚层状氧化硬层(厚度1~1.5m)中,Zn、Cd以酸可溶态大量富集,具有较强的迁移性;As、Pb主要以残渣态以及氧化物结合态赋存,其迁移性较差。因此,富含碳酸盐的硫化物尾矿经过氧化作用具有释放多种重金属的潜能。由于这类尾矿中各重金属的赋存状态存在差异性,因此对其迁移性及环境效应须具体分析。     

2011年春季沙尘天气影响下上海大气颗粒物及其化学组分的变化特征

于2011年4月28日~5月18日对上海大气中颗粒物的质量浓度及细粒子中的化学组分进行了连续观测,获得了上海受春季沙尘天气影响下大气颗粒物质量浓度和主要化学组分特征.结果表明,沙尘天气中PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度显著高于非沙尘天,最高日均浓度分别达到787.2μg·m-3和139.5μg·m-3,PM2.5/PM10的均值为(32.9±14.6)%(15.6%~85.1%);总水溶性无机离子(TWSⅡ)占PM2.5的质量分数为(27.2±19.2)%(4.8%~80.8%),二次组分SNA(SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4)占TWSⅡ的(76.9±13.9)%(41.9%~94.2%),TWSⅡ和SNA对PM2.5的贡献均小于非沙尘天,而Ca2+的含量比却有明显上升.非沙尘天测得的OC/EC值高于强沙尘天,但低于弱沙尘天.此外分析还得到,沙尘中的高矿尘粒子具有酸性缓冲作用,使得沙尘天颗粒的碱性强于沙尘发生前.非沙尘天SO2-4、NO-3主要以NH4HSO4、(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形式存在,沙尘天还会与其他矿物离子结合.     

硫素对氧化还原条件下水稻土氧化铁和砷形态影响

通过充N2和充O2的氧化还原反应装置,在添加外源砷污染的水稻土中,施用不同形态的无机硫(不施硫S0,单质硫S1和硫酸盐S2),模拟水稻田的氧化还原状况.结果表明,通N2时,土壤溶液氧化还原电位(Eh)在-100~-200 mV之间,溶液pH在7.0~8.0之间,pe+pH为4~7之间;通O2时,溶液Eh在200mV左右,溶液pH在6.5~7.5之间,pe+pH为9~12之间.无论通N2还是通O2,土壤溶出铁的浓度在1.2~1.6 mg·L-1,均有处理S0>S1>S2和AsS0>AsS1>AsS2.在通N2时,各处理HCl提取土壤氧化铁的含量比原土[(21.4±0.3)g·kg-1]低5 g·kg-1,有利于结晶态氧化铁向无定形氧化铁转化和形成Fe2+,无定形氧化铁活化度比原土活化度46.8%有所增加,且处理AsS2(49.4%)AsS2(36.1%).通N2时,土壤溶液中砷浓度变化为AsS0[(1.13±0.04)mg·L-1]>AsS1[(0.89±0.01)mg·L-1]>AsS2[(0.77±0.04)mg·L-1];通O2时,土壤溶液中砷浓度变化AsS1[(0.77±0.01)mg·L-1]>AsS0[(0.20±0.09)mg·L-1]>AsS2[(0.09±0.01)mg·L-1].通N2时,不同处理各形态砷占总砷比例变化为残渣态(34.9%~41.4%)≈专性吸附态(37.4%~39.5%)>晶态铁锰结合态(23.3%~25.6%)>非专性吸附态(2.4%~3.3%)>无定形铁锰结合态(0.5%~0.8%).通O2时,各处理形态砷占总砷比例变化为残渣态(30.8%~39.3%)≈专性吸附态(30.3%~34.7%)>晶态铁锰结合态(26.0%~28.7%)>无定形铁锰结合态(9.3%~10.7%)>非专性吸附态(0.5%~1.6%),其中,无定形铁锰氧化物结合态砷比通N2时提高了约9%,也就是无定形铁锰的老化作用对砷形态转化的影响.这表明还原条件能够使氧化铁的活化度升高,砷的移动性增强,但硫酸盐体系降低氧化铁的活化度,单质硫体系的砷移动性要大于硫酸盐体系的砷移动性.     

催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器对生物柴油发动机排放颗粒理化特性的影响

以某重型柴油机为原机,研究氧化催化转化器(Diesel Oxidation Catalyst,简称"DOC")与催化型颗粒捕集器(Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter,简称"CDPF")结合而成的催化型连续再生颗粒捕集器(Catalyzed Continuously Regeneration Trap,简称"CCRT")对燃用B20混合燃料柴油机颗粒排放理化特性的影响.试验结果表明:生物柴油发动机安装CCRT装置后排放的颗粒质量和数量均显著低于原机.CCRT装置对不同粒径颗粒的捕集效率不同,对聚集态颗粒的捕集效果略优于核态颗粒.与原机相比,安装CCRT后PAHs总排放量下降,在检测到的20种PAHs中有17种排放量减少.按环数比较,原机及安装CCRT装置后PAHs均以三环和四环为主.CCRT装置的安装使生物柴油发动机排放颗粒中化学成分毒性降低.     

Effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in treatment of coal chemical industry wastewater using moving bed biofilm reactor

Nitrogen removal via nitrite （the nitrite pathway） is more suitable for carbon-limited industrial wastewater. Partial nitrification to nitrite is the primary step to achieve nitrogen removal via nitrite. The effect of alkalinity on nitrite accumulation in a continuous process was investigated by progressively increasing the alkalinity dosage ratio （amount of alkalinity to ammonia ratio, mol/mol）. There is a close relationship among alkalinity, pH and the state of matter present in aqueous solution. When alkalinity was insufficient （compared to the theoretical alkalinity amount）, ammonia removal efficiency increased first and then decreased at each alkalinity dosage ratio, with an abrupt removal efficiency peak. Generally, ammonia removal efficiency rose with increasing alkalinity dosage ratio. Ammonia removal efficiency reached to 88% from 23% when alkalinity addition was sufficient. Nitrite accumulation could be achieved by inhibiting nitrite oxidizing bacteria （NOB） by free ammonia （FA） in the early period and free nitrous acid in the later period of nitrification when alkalinity was not adequate. Only FA worked to inhibit the activity of NOB when alkalinity addition was sufficient.