VARIATION IN ADIRONDACK,NEW YORK,LAKEWATER CHEMISTRY AS FUNCTION OF SURFACE AREA1

ABSTRACT: Data from a recent survey conducted by the Adirondack Lake Survey Corporation were used to evaluate the influence of lake surface area on the acid-base status of lakes in Adirondack State Park, New York. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in the small lakes (< 4 ha) occurred more frequently at extreme values (> 200, < 0 μeq L^?1), whereas larger lakes tended to be intermediate in ANC. Consequently, acidic (ANC ≤ 0) and low-pH lakes were typically small. The small lakes also exhibited lower Ca²⁺ concentration and higher dissolved organic carbon than did larger lakes. Lakes ≥ 4 ha were only half as likely to be acidic as were lakes ≥ 1 ha in area. These data illustrate the dependence of lake chemistry on lake surface area and the importance of the lower lake area limit for a statistical survey of lake water chemistry.     

Energy futures and green chemistry: competing for carbon

Global energy demand is expected to increase from the current 400 ExaJ per year to as much as 700–1,000 ExaJ per year by the middle of this century. If fossil carbon resources continue to make up the bulk of the energy supply, not only will atmospheric carbon dioxide increase to levels not seen for the past 30–35 million years, but depleting fossil carbon resources will become increasingly less available for other purposes, particularly the production of chemicals on which society now depends. The chemical process industries are heavily dependent on the availability of low-price petroleum as a feedstock. Recent life-cycle analyses suggest that pursuing both strategies of renewable energy sources and renewable feedstocks (i.e. biomass) will be required to meet these competing demands. Reducing the global use of both energy and manufactured chemicals will be a challenge for sustainable development. Education of the next generation of chemists and chemical engineers will have to change significantly from its current emphasis on petrochemical-based manufacturing to include a much greater emphasis on renewable resources and bio-based processes.Brief accounts of this work were presented at the 7th International Symposium on Green Chemistry in China (Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China, May 2005) and at the Joint US–China Green Chemistry Workshop (Beijing, People’s Republic of China, May 2005; this workshop was supported by US National Science Foundation grant CHE-0522369).     

The State of Components of the Biota as an Indicator of Disturbances in Natural Ecosystems Exposed to Petrochemical Pollution

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

On developing cleaner organic unit processes

Organic waste products, potentially harmful to the human health and the environment, are primarily produced in the synthesis stage of manufacturing processes. Many such synthetic unit processes, such as halogenation, oxidation, alkylation, nitration, and sulfonation are common to a large number of organic chemical manufacture in several different industry sectors. The environmental impact of organic chemical syntheses can be significantly reduced by incorporating cleaner unit processes. A review of research and development activities shows that progress is already being made along these lines worldwide, and commercialization of cleaner organic technologies is also proceeding.     

Effect of Dye Additives on Photodimerization of Thymine Pendant Groups in Water-soluble Photoresist Polymers

The short wavelength UV-induced photocrosslinking of vinylbenzylthymine (VBT) based photoresist polymers was investigated in a polymer-dye water soluble system. The goal of the study was to determine whether the presence of UV-absorbing dye additives would prevent the photocrosslinking from occurring. It was found that the photoreactivity of the VBT polymer was not hindered significantly even when the amount of dye additive was comparable to the amount of thymine. Further, adding dyes to the photoresist allowed obtaining good quality images in one step. This study may provide a basis for testing VBT-containing polymers for use in controlled release applications.     

油田化学添加剂对污水处理系统腐蚀行为的影响

目的明确净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂、缓蚀剂对污水处理系统腐蚀行为的作用效果。方法通过工艺流程分析、腐蚀形貌观察、腐蚀产物成分分析、腐蚀失重测试等手段,分析污水处理系统腐蚀原因,考察油田化学添加剂对SSF污水处理系统腐蚀行为的影响。结果输送介质中溶解的二氧化碳、高浓度氯离子、氧是导致SSF净化装置内腐蚀的主要原因。分别添加质量浓度为150、0.3、60 mg/L的净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂后,动态腐蚀速率可从1.8544 mm/a降到0.6674、0.8627、0.3530 mm/a,静态腐蚀速率可从1.2515 mm/a降到0.9565、0.9474、0.6256 mm/a。添加160 mg/L缓蚀剂,动态腐蚀速率从1.8544 mm/a降低到0.0822 mm/a,静态腐蚀速率从1.2515 mm/a降低到0.0238 mm/a。同时添加净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂三种药剂,动态腐蚀速率为0.7672 mm/a,静态腐蚀速率为0.8742 mm/a;同时添加净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂、缓蚀剂四种药剂,动态腐蚀速率为0.3069 mm/a,静态腐蚀速率为0.0263 mm/a。结论添加缓蚀剂能有效控制SSF污水处理系统内腐蚀。污水处理用净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂对腐蚀有一定抑制作用。在动态条件下,净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂降低了缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果,在静态条件下,三种添加剂对缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果影响较小。     

钙化物在废弃物基活性炭制备过程中的影响

研究了以城市垃圾中3种典型的固体有机废弃物——锯木屑、纸张和塑料的热解产物（分别简称木炭、纸炭和塑料热解物）为原料,水蒸气为活化剂制备废弃物基活性炭时钙化物含量对活化过程、活性炭吸附性能（以碘值表征）及其孔结构的影响。结果表明,钙化物可加快活化反应的速度,且钙化物含量在1.5%时活化反应速度即已不再随钙化物含量的增加而增加;活性炭的吸附性能则随钙化物含量的增加而减少,同时钙化物对活性炭的孔径分布基本无影响,但降低了活性炭的比表面积、微孔孔容及中孔孔容;钙化物的2种前驱体（即CaO和Ca（OH）2）对活化过程具有相同的催化作用。     

新型微波化学工艺处理电镀废水初探

简要介绍微波化学工艺的反应机理和技术特点,以现有理论为基础,借助工程实践初步探讨微波化学工艺对电镀废水的处理效果。通过广东省某电镀废水处理厂对微波化学工艺的实际应用表明,该技术工艺具有投资少、调试期短、运行费用低、处理效果显著等优点,具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。同时,又可以实现污水回用及废水资源化,符合国家环境保护政策,电镀废水经处理后,出水水质能够达到广东省DB44／26--2001《水污染物排放限值》一级标准。     

河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究现状与问题

文章系统阐述了近30年来河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究方面取得的进展、现状及目前存在的问题,这些问题主要包括:河流锶同位素比值对于源岩的解释问题、河流锶元素含量及其同位素组成的全球参比值问题、不同的端元输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响以及不同制约因素及研究方法对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响等问题。根据目前的研究资料,笔者指出在进行河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究过程中应当:(1)考虑矿物岩石在风化过程中锶元素的释放特征及其同位素演化规律;(2)结合同位素地球化学及雨水化学方法对大气及人类活动输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的贡献进行校正;(3)开展主要流域的研究工作,尤其是不同构造、地质及气候背景条件不同流域间的对比研究,建立河流锶元素及其同位素组成区域参比值;(4)在研究方法上,应该对区域内降雨、岩石、土壤、沉积物及地下水中的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征进行系统分析,包括不同形态的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征的研究。     

青岛市连续天气过程中不同气溶胶浓度特征对比分析

利用青岛市沙尘暴监测站GRIMM180颗粒物监测仪采集到的质量浓度和数浓度数据,结合2008年5月27～28日天气系统演变进行气溶胶定性分类,对海雾气溶胶、清洁气溶胶、浮尘气溶胶的浓度进行对比分析.结果表明,①清洁气溶胶、海雾气溶胶、浮尘气溶胶的总质量浓度有明显差异;②海雾气溶胶以1～2.5μm粒子的滞留最明显,清洁气溶胶中1μm的粒子贡献率最大,浮尘气溶胶则以2.5～10μm的颗粒物级数增加最具代表性,不同气溶胶相应大小粒子的质量浓度贡献率之比明显不同;③降水系统对0.6μm较大的粒子有明显的清除作用,对0.6μm的数浓度有增大作用;④1μm尤其是0.6μm的粒子处于天气系统前部到达潮湿空气时有特殊的活化现象;⑤不同粒径尺度的粒子数浓度随气溶胶性质的转变呈现不同的模态.