有机化学实验教学中的污染控制

基础化学实验涉及学科专业门类多,实验排放大量的各种各样的污染物,大多没有进行处理就直接排放,针对目前现状,论述有机化学实验教学中污染控制的重要性,通过采用性质实验压缩化、经典合成小量化、实验资源循环化手段,充分发挥学生的主体作用,培养学生的创新能力,逐步减少有机实验污巢,实现有机实验绿色化的设想。     

Using polarized muons as ultrasensitive spin labels in free radical chemistry

In a chemical sense, the positive muon is a light proton. It is obtained at the ports of accelerators in beams with a spin polarization of 100%, which makes it a highly sensitive probe of matter. The muonium atom is a light hydrogen isotope, nine times lighter than H, with a muon as its nucleus. It reacts the same way as H, and by addition to double bonds it is implemented in free radicals in which the muon serves as a fully polarized spin label. It is reviewed here how the muon can be used to obtain information about muonium and radical reaction rates, radical structure, dynamics, and local environments. It can even tell us what a fragrance molecule does in a shampoo.     

粒度对煤矸石活化效率的影响

煤矸石煅烧活化是煤矸石为原料提取铝、硅等化工原料的重要环节,煤矸石破碎粒度对煅烧活化效率有重要影响。文章以山西潞安的煤矸石为原料,利用煅烧活化-酸溶法提取煤矸石中的铝,研究了粒度对煤矸石活化效率的影响。实验确定铝溶出的较优工艺条件为:煅烧温度650℃、20%盐酸225mL/100g煤矸石、固液比1:3、酸浸时间3h,在此工艺条件下研究矸石粒度对铝和铁溶出的影响。结果表明:物料粒度对活化效果影响显著,当物料粒度为60～80目时,铝的溶出率最大达到79%;物料与空气充分接触有利于提高活化效果,动态煅烧活化效率显著高于静态煅烧,粒度对煅烧效果产生的重要影响很大程度来源于空气接触比表面积。     

水力压裂诱发断层活化失稳概率分析

为评估非常规油气开采过程水力压裂诱发断层活化失稳风险,基于新库仑稳定函数,通过编程求解诱震概率,分析不同诱因下断层稳定性和失稳风险。结果表明:孔隙弹性剪应力、孔隙压力和差异压实共同作用,是断层活化失稳重要诱因。当孔隙弹性剪应力介于6~10 MPa时,断层失稳概率高达68.9%,其增幅率越大,诱发远区断层失稳风险越高。孔隙压力增量超过3 MPa,对于定向不良断层极为不利;断层倾角和落差越大,差异压实作用越显著。     

基于量子化学分析表面活性剂对不同煤种润湿机理的影响*

为研究不同类型表面活性剂对煤润湿性的调控机理,首先将所选煤样的润湿性与煤样成分进行关联分析,然后采用透过高度法实验及量子化学计算相结合的方法研究表面活性剂对煤样润湿性的影响效果及机理。结果表明:煤的润湿性与煤中固有水分、灰分呈正相关关系,与煤中固定碳呈负相关关系;所选取的4种表面活性剂的加入会降低褐煤的亲水性,而对长焰煤、焦煤和无烟煤亲水性有提升作用,并且十二烷基硫酸钠对于这3种煤样亲水性的提升作用最为明显;表面活性剂分子、水分子及煤分子的表面静电势分布共同决定了表面活性剂对煤浸润性的影响。     

光化学降解有机磷农药研究进展

光化学降解有机磷农药是一种高效、无二次污染的非生物转化过程,也是有机磷农药在环境中的主要降解途径.本文通过介绍光化学方法降解有机磷农药的基本原理、有机磷农药的主要光化学反应类型、光化学降解过程中光敏(猝灭)剂的作用及影响光化学反应的因素,分析了今后光化学降解有机磷农药研究中需要关注的问题,提出将有机磷农药的光催化氧化技术与其他方法相结合,研发高效、经济的新技术是今后农药残留降解技术研究的重点.     

苯为好氧共代谢基质的1,1-二氯乙烯的生物降解研究

为更好地去除地下水中常见的混合污染物苯与1,1-二氯乙烯（1,1-DCE）,从用苯与1,1-DCE驯化的好氧共代谢活性污泥中筛选获得6株菌株,并利用16SrDNA技术鉴定菌株属性,通过研究6株菌株的降解特性获得优势菌株,并进一步探讨优势菌株的最佳生长因素.结果表明,筛选的6株菌株中,4株属于产碱杆科,另外2株属于放线菌...     

有机物的结构——活性/性质定量关系及其在环境化学和环境毒理学中的应用

有机物结构-活性定量关系研究(QSAR,Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship)用于环境化学和环境毒理学领域取得了引人注目的成功。有机污染物在环境中的行为,尤其在生物体内的富集和致毒是环境化学和环境毒理学的主要研究方向之一。QSAR法可以从已有的大量情报中最大量地提取有关环境污染物结构—活性关系进行深入的研究。     

Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in a frigid urban atmosphere

•Harbin showed relatively high threshold RH (80%) for apparent increase of SOR. •The observed SOR were at the lower end of the ratios from Beijing’s winter. •Temperature-dependent increase of NOR was sharper than that of SOR. • NOR increased with stronger biomass burning impact but SOR was largely unchanged. Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was investigated during a six-month long heating season in Harbin, China. Enhanced sulfate formation was observed at high relative humidity (RH), with the same threshold RH (80%) for both colder and warmer measurement periods. Compared to wintertime results from Beijing, the threshold RH was considerably higher in Harbin, whereas the RH-dependent enhancement of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was less significant. In addition, the high RH events were rarely encountered, and for other periods, the SOR were typically as low as ~0.1. Therefore, the sulfate formation was considered inefficient in this study. After excluding the several cases with high RH, both SOR and the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) exhibited increasing trends as the temperature increased, with the increase of NOR being sharper. The nitrate to sulfate ratio tended to increase with increasing temperature as well. Based on a semi-quantitative approach, this trend was attributed primarily to the temperature-dependent variations of precursors including SO₂ and NO₂. The influence of biomass burning emissions on SIA formation was also evident. With stronger impact of biomass burning, an enhancement in NOR was observed whereas SOR was largely unchanged. The different patterns were identified as the dominant driver of the larger nitrate to sulfate ratios measured at higher concentrations of fine particulate matter.     

水体中羟基自由基介导的三氯卡班氧化机制的量子化学研究

因羟基自由基引发的初始反应对于研究高级氧化过程中有机污染物的转化至关重要.本研究采用量子化学计算探究羟基自由基与三氯卡班加成与抽氢反应的机理,并利用ECOSAR软件预测并评价产物的生态毒性.结果表明,除C₁₄位点加成反应外,其它反应过程均为放热 反应;反应活化自由能为6.55~23.5 kcal·mol^-1,其中,最小值和最大值分别为C₂₀和C₁₄位点的加成反应;同时,C₁、C₃、C₂₅和C₁₄位点的加成反应与三氯卡班的脱氯或C—N的断裂存在协同.进一步动力学研究结果显示,加成与抽氢反应的总速率为2.27×10⁸ L·mol^-1·s^-1,其中,速率最大和最小的反应分别为C₂₀（1.11×10⁸ L·mol^-1·s^-1）和C₁₄（1.30×10^-5 L·mol^-1·s^-1）位点的加成,并且加成反应占主要通道（74.8%）,尤以C₂₀位点的加成产物最为突出（49.0%）,以上研究与平均局部离子化能计算结果相一致.生态毒性评价结果虽然表明加成反应可有效脱毒,但大部分产物对 水生生物仍具有一定威胁.