基于CSTR反应器鸡粪秸秆共消化产甲烷特性及菌群变化研究

基于实际工程通过控制有机负荷对不同配比鸡粪和玉米秸秆 （VS比分别为1：0、5：2、1：1）进行联合厌氧消化,分析了不同VS比变化对水解酶活性及微生物动态群落变化的影响,并确定了鸡粪秸秆联合厌氧消化的最优配比.结果表明,当VS比为1：1时,碳氮比 （C/N）为17,此时甲烷日产量峰值为31.46 L,累计产甲烷量为940.96 L,产甲烷效果最好,为最优配比;对比3组实验秸秆表面结构降解情况,C3 （VS比=1：1）组各水解酶活性均高于C1 （VS比=1：0）和C2 （VS比=5：2）组,且Megasphaera和Bacteroides作为纤维素酶主要分泌菌属相对丰度较高,纤维素酶活性峰值达到258.94 U·mL^-1,使秸秆中的纤维素和木质素得到有效降解;秸秆含量增加提高了水解细菌多样性,降低了古菌多样性,Lactobacillus属于Bacteroidetes门,由于其具有较好的抗逆性在C2和C3组丰度较高,能够作为水解产酸阶段的优势菌属;C3组产甲烷古菌丰度变化较为稳定,在实验中期以食氢产甲烷菌为主,优势菌属主要有Methanosphaera和Methanobrevibacter,实验后期以食乙酸产甲烷菌为主,优势菌属主要为Methanosaeta、Methanospirillum和Methanoregula.     

鸡粪中3种四环素类抗生素在棕壤中的动态变化及原因分析

采用室内模拟培养试验,研究了鸡粪中3种四环素类抗生素在棕壤中含量的动态变化规律及消解途径.结果表明鸡粪中所含的3种四环素类抗生素在棕壤中的含量均表现为前期迅速下降,中后期逐渐平稳的规律,但不同种类和用量处理的变化速率和降解率有显著差异(p＜0.05);180 d时,3种抗生素在棕壤中的降解率为金霉素＞土霉索＞四环素,相...     

菌渣、鸡粪联合堆肥工艺研究

对以菌渣、鸡粪为主要原料的静态条垛式好氧堆肥工艺进行了研究.结果表明在1次发酵过程中,温度维持在55 ℃以上的时间均超过7 d.堆肥结束时,堆体温度恢复到略高于室温水平,含水率下降15%左右,pH值为7.8左右,总氮含量损失了13.8%～15%,并且主要发生在1次发酵阶段.本文通过对各参数的测定和分析发现,菌渣和鸡粪通过添加酵素菌进行30 d左右好氧发酵,即可获得高质量的堆肥产品,对堆肥工程有指导作用.     

鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵产甲烷的研究

在中温(35℃±1℃)条件下,采用批式发酵方式,进行了鸡粪与互花米草沼渣不同混合比例的厌氧发酵实验.实验设置鸡粪∶互花米草沼渣干物质(TS)比分别为5∶0(T1)、4∶1(T2)、3∶2(T3)、2∶3(T4)、1∶4(T5)和0∶5(T6)共6个处理.结果表明,经中温干发酵后的互花米草沼渣仍具有一定的厌氧产沼气能力,TS产气量为107.25 mL.g-1,甲烷含量为76.92%,厌氧微生物对互花米草沼渣纤维素的结晶区有一定的破坏作用,厌氧发酵后纤维素的相对结晶度指数CrI下降了5.55%;将鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵,明显提高了原料的厌氧产气性能,T2的产气效果最好,T1、T3～T6的累积产气量分别为T2的61.31%、62.09%、52.15%、39.74%和31.67%;鸡粪与互花米草沼渣混合发酵的产酸类型为混合型发酵,发酵过程中未出现酸化现象;混合发酵对破坏互花米草沼渣纤维素的结晶区有利,促进效果在1.13%～21.61%.     

6种蔬菜对施用含砷禽畜粪土壤中砷的吸收

由于现代集约化养殖业普遍使用有机胂制剂,禽畜粪中往往含有一定的砷(As).在水稻土中分别以2%和4%(w/w)比例施入含As鸡粪和猪粪及无机肥(N:0.2g·kg-1;P2O5;0.1g·kg-1;K2O:0.15g·kg-1(以干土计)),以不施肥为对照进行菜心、小白菜、油麦、茼蒿、苋菜和通菜6种蔬菜盆栽试验,研究比较含As禽畜粪施入土壤后蔬菜对土壤中As的吸收累积情况.结果表明,1)整体上施用鸡粪处理蔬菜生物量高于无机肥处理,而施用猪粪处理除通菜外5种蔬菜生物量均低于无机肥处理.2)施肥可降低除通菜外的5种蔬菜As含量,而施用鸡、猪粪可显著提高通菜As含量.3)菜心、小白菜、油麦和茼蒿地上部As含量与其生物量呈显著负相关(p<0.05,p<0.01);苋菜也表现为负相关,但未达到显著;通菜则表现为显著正相关(p<0.01).4)菜心、小白菜、油麦和茼蒿As吸收量整体表现为施用鸡粪>无机肥>猪粪≈不施肥;苋菜表现为无机肥>不施肥>鸡、猪粪;通菜则表现为鸡、猪粪>无机肥≈不施肥.整体上通菜As吸收量高于其他5种蔬菜.5)施肥可降低除通菜外5种蔬菜As吸收系数,而施用鸡、猪粪可显著提高通菜As吸收系数.建议含As禽畜粪在通菜上尽量少施.     

Sodium bisulfate and a sodium bisulfate/tannin mixture decreases pH when added to an in vitro incubated poultry cecal or fecal contents while reducing Salmonella Typhimurium marker strain survival and altering the microbiome

The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of animal feed-grade sodium bisulfate (SBS) and a mixture of sodium bisulfate/tannin to inhibit the growth of Salmonella using an anerobic in vitro mixed cecal culture to mimic the conditions within the chicken cecum. An initial inoculum of Salmonella Typhimurium was introduced to an anerobic dilution solution containing 1/3000 diluted cecal bacteria and solids consisting of ground chicken feed and different percentages of solid SBS or SBS/tannin, and surviving organisms were enumerated. Two different experimental designs were employed. In the “unadapted” treatment, the S. Typhimurium was added at the beginning of the culture incubation along with cecal bacteria and chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. In the “adapted” treatment, S. Typhimurium was added after a 24 hour pre-incubation of the cecal bacteria with the chicken feed/SBS or chicken feed/SBS/tannin. Adding SBS resulted in reduction of pH in the cultures which paralleled with the reduction of S. Typhimurium. The SBS alone was found to be inhibitory to S. Typhimurium in the adapted treatment at all concentrations tested (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%), and the degree of inhibition was concentration-dependent. Salmonella Typhimurium was completely killed in the adapted culture with 0.5% SBS after 24 and 48 h. The SBS/tannin mixture was less inhibitory than SBS alone at the same concentrations in side-by-side comparisons. Testing at a 0.5% SBS concentration, chicken age had little or no effect on log reduction of S. Typhimurium relative to age-matched control cultures without SBS, but age did affect the absolute number of S. Typhimurium surviving, with the greatest decreases occurring at 2 and 4 weeks of age (approx. 10³ S. Typhimurium surviving) compared to 6 weeks of age (approx. 10⁵ Salmonella surviving). Microbiome analysis with an Illumina MiSeq platform was conducted to investigate bacterial compositional changes related to the addition of SBS. The relative abundance of Firmicutes (at the phylum level) was decreased, and genera Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were increased when SBS was added to the anaerobic mixed culture containing either fecal or cecal material. The antimicrobial action of feed-grade SBS may represent a potential pre-harvest control measure for Salmonella in poultry production.     

Antibiotic resistance,virulence factors and biofilm formation ability in Escherichia coli strains isolated from chicken meat and wildlife in the Czech Republic

Attachment of pathogenic bacteria to food contact surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation represent a serious threat for the food industry, since these bacteria are more resistant to antimicrobials or possess more virulence factors. The main aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between antibiotic resistance against 13 antibiotics, distribution of 10 virulence factors and biofilm formation in 105 Escherichia coli strains according to their origin. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance that we have found in wildlife isolates could be acquired by horizontal transfer of resistance genes from human or domestic or farm animals. Consequently, these commensal bacteria might serve as indicator of antimicrobial usage for human and veterinary purposes in the Czech Republic. Further, 46 out of 66 resistant isolates (70%) were able to form biofilm and we found out statistically significant correlation between prevalence of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation ability. The highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance was observed in weak biofilm producers. Biofilm formation was not statistically associated with any virulence determinant. However, we confirmed the correlation between prevalence of virulence factors and host origin. Chicken isolates possessed more virulence factors (66%), than isolates from wildlife (37%). We can conclude that the potential spread of antibiotic resistance pattern via the food chain is of high concern for public health. Even more, alarming is that E. coli isolates remain pathogenic potential with ability to form biofilm and these bacteria may persist during food processing and consequently lead to greater risks of food contamination.     

鸡粪卫生无害化处理技术研究

利用2级厌氧处理实验,为中小型养鸡场的鸡粪处理提供了一种处理工艺和新的一体化装置,特别研究了鸡粪卫生无害化处理方法.实验在HRT为3.01 d,有机负荷7.85kg COD/m3·d的条件下,COD去除率达到了75.77%,COD产气率0.381 m3/kg COD·d,出水卫生指标符合国标要求.     

Comparison of fatty acid profile in the chicken meat after feeding with narasin,nicarbazin and salinomycin sodium and phyto-additive substances

The purpose of this study was an experimental investigation and a statistical evaluation of the influence of various additives in feed mixtures of broiler chickens on fatty acids content and their ratio in breast and thigh muscles. First feed additive consisted of narasin, nicarbasin and salinomycin sodium, and other five additives were of phytogenic origin. In vivo experiment was realized on the poultry experimental station with deep litter breeding system. A total of 300 one-day-old hybrid chickens Cobb 500 divided into six groups were used for the experiment. The experimental period was divided into four phases, i.e. Starter, Grower 1, Grower 2 and Final, according to the application of commercial feed mixture of soy cereal type. Additive substances used in feed mixtures were different for each group. Basic feed mixtures were equal for all groups. Fatty acid profile of breast and thigh muscles was measured by the method of FT IR Nicolet 6700. Investigated additive substances in the feed mixtures did not have statistically significant effect on fatty acid content and omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio in breast and thigh muscles. Strong statistically significant relation between omega-6 PUFAs and total PUFAs were proved by experiment. A relation between omega-3 PUFAs and total PUFAs was found only in the group with Biocitro additive.     

生物炭介导鸡粪厌氧消化性能研究

为探究生物炭介导的鸡粪厌氧消化产甲烷的较优添加比例,在发酵温度[（35±1）℃]、接种率30%的条件下,进行了以鸡粪为底物,生物炭为外源添加剂的厌氧消化试验,研究生物炭不同添加量（20%、15%、10%、5%和不添加）对鸡粪厌氧消化产气特性的影响,确定了生物炭介导的鸡粪厌氧消化的较优添加比例;同时,用扫描电子显微镜对厌氧消化前后生物炭颗粒和附着在生物炭颗粒上的微生物进行了观察.结果表明：生物炭的添加提高了鸡粪单位VS产甲烷量,添加20%、15%、10%和5%生物炭的处理鸡粪VS产甲烷量分别为223mL/g、228mL/g、230mL/g和281mL/g,均高于对照组的202mL/g;添加生物炭提高了产气中的甲烷含量,降低了二氧化碳和硫化氢含量,提高了沼气品质;电镜扫描结果表明,厌氧消化后生物炭表面及内部附着了大量厌氧微生物,主要为杆菌、微粒菌和球菌;本研究中,生物炭介导鸡粪厌氧消化最优的添加比例约为5%.