二维盆地流场及其污染物分布的模拟

利用数值积分方法求解二维盆地地形大气热力-动力学方程组及扩散方程,模拟了在盛行风和静风时,盆地内有无热岛条件下整个区域的流场及其盆地内存在面源时的浓度分布。结果表明,白天山脉作为热源,而晚间成为冷源;存在明显的山坡风环流,但盆地内环流要比盆地外弱;静风、有热岛时,盆地内污染物浓度大于没有热岛时;有盛行风时,盆地内污染物会被带至盆地外的平原地带,迎风坡是受污染最严重的地带。     

内、外循环EGSB反应器酸碱调控能力的对比试验研究

通过对比运行试验，研究了内、外循环EGSB反应器酸碱特征及其调控能力。结果表明，内、外循环厌氧反应器内部的pH值分布规律相似，较低有机负荷时pH值梯度变化较小，较高负荷时随循环比变化pH值分布有所差别，但2种条件下循环比为3时反应器内pH值均可达到较均衡的分布。相同原水pH值条件下外循环体系pH值要高于内循环体系pH值，2种条件下体系pH值变化趋势较为一致，二者平均差值在0．5个单位左右。循环厌氧反应器系统pH值维持在6．3—6．8可以较好地保障系统正常运行，为了保证此条件，外循环运行方式对原水pH值的极限调节范围是4．5—6．8，内循环运行方式对原水pH值的极限调节范围是5．3—7．2。该成果对于研究和应用内外循环EGSB反应器具有理论参考和实用价值。     

Afforestation for reduction of NOX concentration in Lanzhou China

Lanzhou is one of the major industrial cities in northwest China, the capital of Gansu Province, and located at a northwest-to-southeast oriented valley basin with elevation about 1500–1600-m. Due to topographic and meteorological characteristics, Lanzhou is one of the most polluted cities in China. Meteorological conditions (low winds, stable stratification especially inversion), pollutant sources and sinks affect the air quality. Lanzhou government carried out afforestation and pollutant-source reduction (closing several heavy industrial factories) to improve the air quality for the past two decades. In this study, effect of afforestation on reducing the NO_X concentration is investigated numerically using RAMS-HYPACT model.     

2007~2016年北京天气分型与霾日的关联

采用COST733软件将北京地区2007~2016年的大气环流总体分为T1~T9种类型,研究其与霾日的关联性,并结合PM_2.5和臭氧地面观测,分析不同天气型对应的污染特征及气象参数分布规律.2007~2016年霾日发生概率21.5%,T4和T9型下霾日最多,T5和T8型最不利于霾日发生.9类天气型下霾日变化具有阶段性,2007~2012年（阶段一）霾日少且年际差异小,2013~2016年（阶段二）霾日增多.对9类天气型下霾日PM_2.5及臭氧变化进行分析,T1、T3、T4和T9型霾日多出现在秋冬季,PM_2.5日变化为逐时增加态势,4类天气型在第一阶段的白天有浓度波动增长形成的小峰值,但第二阶段减弱消失.大部分天气型的霾日,阶段二的PM_2.5浓度较阶段一降低,T7和T9型表现为增加,增幅分别为23.7%和3.9%.所有天气型霾日的臭氧日变化均为单峰型,峰值出现在下午,臭氧日均浓度最高为T8型.此外,阶段二与阶段一相比,T3、T5和T6型臭氧平均浓度增加,其中T5型增幅达到49.8%.将霾日与近地面气象要素关联分析,平均气温、风向、风速可以较好的解释臭氧浓度变化,而PM_2.5的变化特征不仅与气象要素相关,在一定程度上也体现了污染排放及区域联动减排的贡献,需两者结合才能更好探究PM_2.5浓度整体特征及细节变化.     

支撑资源循环可持续性评价的经济决策工具——生命周期成本分析的发展与应用

对接经济系统和环境系统是支撑循环经济决策的关键,而可持续性评价以及在传统生命周期影响评价（LCA）基础上发展起来的生命周期可持续性评价（LCSA）是重要决策支撑工具.近年来对可持续性评价的关注使得生命周期成本分析（LCC）及其在资源循环决策中的应用得以快速发展.大量研究表明LCC是有效的经济决策支撑工具.但是由于"生命周期成本分析"的其他相关称谓与LCC术语上模糊,以及成本效益分析（CBA）等相关成本评估工具在方法用途上的类似,使得在实际研究中LCC的相关概念混淆甚至错误使用的现象时有发生.针对如上研究背景,本文采用文献研究法和案例分析法,旨在厘清LCC及相关术语的概念和内涵,并为LCC以及LCSA在未来的研究提出实用性建议.首先,通过文献研究回顾了LCC的发展脉络,厘清了在人们对社会和环境问题关注下,LCC逐渐从普通的成本评估发展成为LCSA核心部分的发展路径.同时,使用Citespace对国内和国际2000-2017年LCC相关论文发表情况进行图谱分析,发现和国内相比,国际期刊的LCC相关研究已经从概念探索和企业成本控制发展到了特定领域系统的成本优化研究.进一步,引入"可持续性三支柱"的概念来阐释LCSA的经济、环境、社会三个维度以及它与LCC的关系,然后区分了LCC的类似术语的定义和成本范围,并阐述了与传统CBA方法的差别.在此基础上,以欧盟VEEP项目为案例,从定性和定量两个维度阐释了LCC的分析视角和计算过程.最后,对LCC在中国未来的研究方向提出了具体建议,包括：扩大运用领域,标准化,研究方法间的结合,以及数据库和软件工具的开发.     

Transport and Diffusion of Ozone in the Nocturnal and Morning Planetary Boundary Layer of the Phoenix Valley

The evolution of ozone (O ₃) in the nocturnal and morning-transitional planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the Phoenix valley was measured as a part of the `Phoenix Sunrise Experiment 2001' of the U.S. Department of Energy conducted in June 2001. The goal of the field program was to study the transport, distribution and storage of ozone and its precursors in the urban boundary layer over a diurnal cycle. The ground level O <sub>3</sub> as well as mean meteorological variables and turbulence were measured over the entire period, and vertical profiling (using a tethered balloon) was made during the morning transition period. Approximately half of the observational days showed the usual diurnal cycle of high O <sub>3</sub> during the day and low O <sub>3</sub> at night, with nitrogen oxides (NO <sub>x</sub> = NO <sub>2</sub> + NO) showing an out of phase relationship with O <sub>3</sub>. The rest of the days were signified by an anomalous increase of O <sub>3</sub> in the late evening ( 2200 LST), concomitant with a sudden drop of temperature, an enhancement of wind speed and Reynolds stresses, a positive heat flux and a change of wind direction. NO <sub>x</sub> measurements indicated the simultaneous arrival of an `aged' air mass, which was corroborated by the wind predictions of a mesoscale numerical model. In all, the results indicate that the recirculation of O ₃ rich air masses is responsible for the said high-O ₃ events. Such air masses are produced during the transport of O ₃ precursors by the upslope flow toward mountainous suburbs during the day, and they return back to the city at night via downslope winds (i.e. mountain breeze). The corresponding flow patterns, and hence the high-O ₃ events, are determined by background meteorological conditions. The vertical profiling of O ₃ and flow variables during the morning transition points to a myriad of transport, mixing and chemical processes that determine the fate of tropospheric O ₃. How well such processes are incorporated and resolved in predictive O ₃ models should determine the accuracy of their predictions.     

在我区西部大开发的平台上认识和发展循环经济

文章从系统论的科学原理出发，分析和探讨内蒙古工业经济发展模式，即线性经济模式和循环经济模式的不同点。同时指出，走循环经济的道路更符合系统科学的原理，是内蒙古地区参与西部大开发建设的需要，也是实现可持续发展的一个非常重要的途径。     

Changes in the central and peripheral circulatory system in response to the cold: own studies using impedance plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound

The aim of the study was to determine the cardiovascular response to continuous (4 °C for 60 min) and intermittent (10 min at 4?°C and 10 min at room temperature alternately) exposure to the cold in 30 healthy young men. The subjects were equipped with a set of identical clothing (insulation 2.1 clo) and during the stay in the chamber and outside performed the same activities, i.e., walking on a treadmill at a speed of 0.5?km/h. The tests included assessing the central circulatory system using the Holter system and assessing the peripheral circulatory system using impedance plethysmography and Doppler ultrasound. The analysis of the parameters that describe the central and peripheral circulation poses a difficulty in determining which variant of exposure constitutes a greater load on the circulatory system. It should be noted that even the conditions used in the study may cause adverse effects in the cardiovascular system.