环境DNA技术在环境监测与动物生产管理中的应用进展

概述了环境DNA技术目前的研究方向和分析原理,介绍了该技术在水生、土壤和植物生态系统中的应用进展,以及在监测畜舍环境、促进畜禽粪污无害化处理、检测动物营养与健康状况、调查动物群体遗传多样性、监测和预防畜禽疾病等动物生产管理中的应用前景。分析了环境DNA技术的优势与局限,并在此基础上提出了建立标准操作流程、提高检测精确度、积极推广应用环境DNA技术等建议。     

泸州市降水监测布点优化研究

在泸州市2016—2020年大气降水监测数据的基础上,借助聚类分析、多元方差分析等统计分析手段,对原有降水监测点位进行优化研究,并验证优化结果。在遵循《酸沉降监测技术规范》(HJ/T 165—2004)点位布设要求的前提下,建立了降水监测点位评价体系,从原有7个降水监测点位中优化筛选出3个。优化后的点位对监测结果的影响显著性均>0.05,表明优化前后全市降水数据无显著性差异,该优化方案不会影响区域整体代表性。     

一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性研究

研究了一种便携式荧光测油仪在海上溢油应急监测中的适用性,并与现行仲裁标准方法进行比较分析。研究表明:该便携式荧光测油仪测定海水中油类样品仅需100 mL水样,平均每个样品所需的前处理时间约340 s,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,测定下限为0.012 mg/L。测定用标准物质配制的不同浓度海水样品,相对标准偏差为0.08%~0.87%,测定标准样品的相对误差为0.49%~4.50%,实际样品加标回收率为90%~107%。对标准物质配制的海水样品进行检测,与现行仲裁标准方法在0.05水平下无显著性差异。在渤海中部海上监测中,连续6 d测定不同标准样品的相对标准偏差为0.26%~0.83%。研究结果表明,该便携式荧光测油仪适用于现场对油类的定量分析和水质评价。     

大气污染物排放调查监测研究进展

系统总结了当前大气污染物排放调查监测的主要方法及其在全球、区域、局地等不同尺度的典型应用,分析了地面监测、模型模拟与遥感反演3种方法受排放源多样、成分复杂、时空变异显著等因素影响,在尺度效应、成分解析等方面存在的问题。从优化监测方法、改进监测模式、融合监测技术等角度,提出了构建现代化大气污染物排放调查监测网络、开展污染物在不同排放阶段的变化解析研究及在不同圈层间的迁移全过程研究等建议。     

A pilot project to detect and forecast harmful algal blooms in the northern Gulf of Mexico

More timely access to data and information on the initiation, evolution and effects of harmful algal blooms can reduce adverse impacts on valued natural resources and human health. To achieve this in the northern Gulf of Mexico, a pilot project was initiated to develop a user-driven, end-to-end (measurements to applications) observing system. A key strategy of the project is to coordinate existing state, federal and academic programs at an unprecedented level of collaboration and partnership. Resource managers charged with protection of public health and aquatic resources require immediate notice of algal events and a forecast of when, where and what adverse effects will likely occur. Further, managers require integrated analyses and interpretations, rather than raw data, to make effective decisions. Consequently, a functional observing system must collect and transform diverse measurements into usable forecasts. Data needed to support development of forecasts will include such properties as sea surface temperature, winds, currents and waves; precipitation and freshwater flows with related discharges of sediment and nutrients; salinity, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll concentrations (in vivo fluorescence); and remotely-sensed spatial images of sea surface chlorophyll concentrations. These data will be provided via a mixture of discrete and autonomous in situ sensing with near real-time data telemetry, and remote sensing from space (SeaWiFS), aircraft (hyperspectral imagery) or land (high-frequency radar). With calibration across these platforms, the project will ultimately provide a 4-dimensional visualization of harmful algae events in a time frame suitable to resource managers.     

Interpretation of roadside PM10 monitoring data from Sunderland,United Kingdom

Roadside PM₁₀ has been monitored by Partisol® at three sitesin Sunderland between August 1997 and February 1998. The sites chosen were an inner city kerbside site; a roadside site adjacentto a dual carriageway on the outskirts of Sunderland with an openaspect; and a rural site.The results indicate that there is a seasonal variation in the relationship between the sites in terms of monitored PM₁₀.In the winter there is a poor correlation between the sites whereas in the summer significant correlations are obtained. Of the sites monitored PM₁₀ is consistently highest at the inner city roadside site. During the summer, exceedances of theU.K. 50 g m^-3 standard (DETR, 2000) are associated with conditions suitable for the build-up of photochemical pollutionhowever during the winter period exceedances are recorded duringa variety of weather conditions.At the dual carriageway site PM_2.5 has also been recorded and contributions to measured PM₁₀ are 77% in summer and68% in winter. The results illustrate a number of inconsistencies between this study utilising the Partisol® andothers reporting results where PM₁₀ has been monitored by TEOM®.     

Conservation and management applications of the REEF volunteer fish monitoring program

The REEF Fish Survey Project is a volunteer fish monitoring program developed by the Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF). REEF volunteers collect fish distribution and abundance data using a standardized visual method during regular diving and snorkeling activities. Survey data are recorded on preprinted data sheets that are returned to REEF and optically digitized. Data are housed in a publicly accessible database on REEF's Web site (http: //www.reef.org). Since the project's inception in 1993, over 40,000 surveys have been conducted in the coastal waters of North America, tropical western Atlantic, Gulf of California and Hawaii. The Fish Survey Project has been incorporated into existing monitoring programs through partnerships with government agencies, scientists, conservation organizations, and private institutions. REEF's partners benefit from the educational value and increased stewardship resulting from volunteer data collection. Applications of the data include an evaluation of fish/habitat interactions in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, the development of a multi-species trend analysis method to identify sites of management concern, assessment of the current distribution of species, status reports on fish assemblages of marine parks, and the evaluation of no-take zones in the Florida Keys. REEF's collaboration with a variety of partners, combined with the Fish Survey Project's standardized census method and database management system, has resulted in a successful citizen science monitoring program.     

Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds in water samples by membrane extraction and gas chromatography

A membrane extraction-gas chromatography method was developed fordetermination of organophosphorus pesticides and related compounds including methamidophos, DDVP, dimethoate, methyl parathion, parathion, thiophosphoric acid trimethyl ester, and thiophosphoramidic acid dimethyl ester in water samples. In thismethod, surface-modified acetic cellulose membranes were used to extract the target analytes in water samples, the extracted analytes were back-extracted into a small amount of methanol, andgas chromatography with pulsed flame photometric detector (GC-PFPD) was used to determine the concentrations of targetanalytes in the extracts. The recoveries obtained for thetarget analytes spiked into the water samples ranged from 66to 94%. The method detection limit for each target analyte was 0.05 g L^-1. The method developed in this study had shown the advantages of being cheap, simple, fast, and reliable. It had been used successfully to determine the concentrations of target analytes in river water samples.     

Cumulative effect assessment in Canada: a regional framework for aquatic ecosystems

Sustainable development of the aquatic environment depends upon routine and defensible cumulative effects assessment (CEA). CEA is the process of predicting the consequences of development relative to an assessment of existing environmental quality. Theoretically, it provides an on-going mechanism to evaluate if levels of development exceed the environment's assimilative capacity; i.e., its ability to sustain itself. In practice, the link between CEA and sustainable development has not been realized because CEA concepts and methods have developed along two dichotomous tracks. One track views CEA as an extension of the environmental assessment (EA) process for project developments. Under this track, stressor-based (S-B) methods have been developed where the emphasis is on local, project-related stressors, their link with aquatic indicators, and the potential for environmental effects through stressor-indicator interactions. S-B methods focus on the proposed development and prediction of project-related effects. They lack a mechanism to quantify existing aquatic quality especially at scales broader than an isolated development. This limitation results in the prediction of potential effects relative to a poorly defined baseline state. The other track views CEA as a broader, regional assessment tool where effects-based (E-B) methods specialize in quantification of existing aquatic effects over broad spatial scales. However, the predictive capabilities of E-B methods are limited because they are retrospective, i.e., the stressor causing the effect is identified after the effect has been measured. When used in isolation, S-B and E-B methods do not address CEA in the context necessary for sustainable development. However, if the strengths of these approaches were integrated into a holistic framework for CEA, an operational mechanism would exist to better monitor and assess sustainable development of our aquatic resources. This paper reviews the existing conceptual basis of CEA in Canada including existing methodologies, limitations and strengths. A conceptual framework for integrating project-based and regional-based CEA is presented.     

DOAS大气环境质量监测系统与传统点式采样监测法可比性研究

系统比较了DOAS大气监测系统与传统点式采样设备在测定环境空气中二氧化硫的性能。