信息时代环境监测档案规范化管理思考——以四川省环境监测总站为例

信息时代的到来,传统的档案工作业务环节发生了转变,环境监测档案也不例外。以纸质档案为核心的传统管理模式逐步转变为电子文件的管理模式。本文以四川省环境监测总站环境监测档案为例,分析环境监测档案管理现状、存在的问题并提出环境监测档案规范化管理措施与对策。     

Current status and trends of the environmental performance in European ports

This paper investigates the current status and trends over time in the environmental performance of European ports. The research is based on the provision of data from 79 European ports on issues related to their environmental management, environmental priorities and current environmental monitoring practices. This study updates previous environmental reviews, so that the trends over time are drawn. For instance, 90% of respondent ports stated that they have an environmental policy and 94% of ports have designated environmental personnel. The percentage of ports that have an Environmental Management System has increased by +33% in the last 9 years. Air quality, port waste and energy consumption emerged as the three major environmental priorities of the European port sector in 2013. The research also reveals the diversity amongst European ports in terms of size and physical surroundings. Some examples are presented on specific initiatives carried out by sector organisations about the Top-10 port priority issues. The future expectations of European ports on data collection and reporting are described.     

Presence–Absence versus Abundance Data for Monitoring Threatened Species

Abstract:  Effective detection of population trend is crucial for managing threatened species. Little theory exists, however, to assist managers in choosing the most cost-effective monitoring techniques for diagnosing trend. We present a framework for determining the optimal monitoring strategy by simulating a manager collecting data on a declining species, the Chestnut-rumped Hylacola ( Hylacola pyrrhopygia parkeri ), to determine whether the species should be listed under the IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List. We compared the efficiencies of two strategies for detecting trend, abundance, and presence–absence surveys, under financial constraints. One might expect the abundance surveys to be superior under all circumstances because more information is collected at each site. Nevertheless, the presence–absence data can be collected at more sites because the surveyor is not obliged to spend a fixed amount of time at each site. The optimal strategy for monitoring was very dependent on the budget available. Under some circumstances, presence–absence surveys outperformed abundance surveys for diagnosing the IUCN Red List categories cost-effectively. Abundance surveys were best if the species was expected to be recorded more than 16 times/year; otherwise, presence–absence surveys were best. The relationship between the strategies we investigated is likely to be relevant for many comparisons of presence–absence or abundance data. Managers of any cryptic or low-density species who hope to maximize their success of estimating trend should find an application for our results.     

基于最优分割理论的酸雨监控点位的分类研究

Fisher最优分割法是用离差平方和来表示同类样本之间的差异程度,通过简便的计算步骤和作图,确定最优分类数,使同类样本间的差异最小,各类别样本间的差异最大,并用F检验法检验最优分类数的合理性。文章根据Fisher最优分割法的理论内涵,研究其应用于酸雨环境监测优化布点的可行性。以漳州市沿海区域监测点为研究实例,用Fisher最优分割法确定最优的分类情况和最优的优化布点方案。结果表明,原布设的9个监测点用Fisher最优分割法优化为3个典型点位,可客观地反映漳州市酸雨控制区的整体污染状况和污染趋势,该方法理论内涵直观、计算简便、重复性好,对环境质量监测有重要的意义。     

四川省空气自动监测数据采集系统建设

介绍了四川省空气质量监测工作的现状和存在的问题,提出了建设四川省空气自动监测数据采集系统的技术路线,建设完成了全省空气监测数据的统一采集。     

国控污染源监测信息公开情况评价指标体系研究

根据国控污染源监测特点与环境信息公开的实际需求,提出了国控污染源监测信息公开情况评价指标体系。按照目标层、准则层和指标层3个层次,从完整性、规范性、一致性、及时性、开放性等5个方面构建了评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法对指标进行赋权。根据国控污染源监测信息公开情况评价指标体系,对2014年山东省国控污染源监测信息公开情况进行评价。结果表明：2014年山东省国控污染源监测信息发布较为全面,但存在部分污染源监测信息发布不完整、不规范的情况,发布的信息可反映2014年全省国控污染源排污情况。     

基于人工模拟雾霾装置的颗粒物沉降效果分析

雾霾对人类生活生产的影响日益严重,雾霾治理的研究逐渐受到重视,然而自然雾霾天气的不可预测性增加了研究难度。根据雾霾的组成特点,设计并搭建了一套人工模拟雾霾装置,对雾霾颗粒物的沉降效果进行浓度监测和分析。模拟结果表明：各种环境下,PM₁₀的浓度和沉降速率最高,总浓度占比保持在40%以上,PM_2.5浓度占比约为35%,PM₁浓度最低,仅占20%~25%;有风环境下,颗粒物的沉降速度明显提高,当沉降时间达到130 min后,PM₁的浓度达到20% 以下。装置成功模拟了100 min以上的重度雾霾以及20 min的中度雾霾,可为雾霾治理的研究提供稳定可控的实验环境。综合上述结果,将PM_2.5和PM₁凝结成PM₁₀,可加速雾霾的消散,对雾霾治理具有重要参考价值。     

长江江豚监测现状及展望

长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)是唯一淡水生活的鼠海豚类,近年来种群数量严重下降,2013年被世界自然保护联盟红色名录列为“极度濒危”,2021年升级为我国国家一级重点保护野生动物,2022年种群有所恢复。长江江豚是长江生态系统健康的指示物种,我国科学家自20世纪50年代开始监测至今,监测方法不断更新完善,对长江江豚现状的了解也越来越充分。该文回顾了截线抽样法、水下被动声学及自动实时监测系统、无人机、环境DNA等监测方法的应用及取得的成效,分析监测方法存在的不足,预测技术发展趋势,提出改进建议,为长江江豚的监测及保护提供基本参考。     

广东省电磁辐射环境污染监管现状及对策建议

结合广东省电磁辐射环境污染防治工作调研结果和"十三五"电磁辐射环境污染防治工作实施成果,从监管能力、监测网络、法规标准、监管制度建设和信访投诉处理等方面梳理了广东省电磁辐射污染防治工作的现状,总结经验,查找不足,并提出解决的对策建议。     

基于空气质量监测数据的钢铁行业污染源识别方法

京津冀及周边地区等重点区域已经建立具有高时空分辨率特点的空气质量监测网,但监测数据主要用于环境空气质量评价,在大气污染来源识别中应用较少.采用特征雷达图中的双重归一化算法对区域上2018～2019年秋冬季空气质量监测数据中的SO₂、 NO₂、 CO、 PM_2.5和粗颗粒物(PM₁₀与PM_2.5的浓度差值)这5种因子进行分析,识别出偏SO₂、偏NO₂、偏CO、偏PM_2.5、偏粗颗粒物、偏SO₂-CO、偏NO₂-CO和偏PM_2.5-CO这8种典型污染特征.以偏SO₂-CO特征为例,结合污染特征时空分布、主要污染源排放特征和PM_2.5源解析,判断该特征下对空气质量影响最突出的污染源,并将该方法用于一次典型污染过程的分析.结果表明,研究时段内偏SO₂-CO特征的平均占比为7.6%.（1）偏S...