A Successful Pilot Project of Decentralized Household Waste Management in Brazil

Summary Present municipal waste management paradigms in Brazil do not allow for flexible approaches to solving an extremely dynamic problem. This paper discusses the basic flaws in present thinking models of residents and municipal administrators. Fundamental arguments presented on municipal solid waste relate to nomenclature, destinations, definitions, logistics, social dynamics, social assistance programs, education and employment philosophies. In each case, the consequences of the stalemate are explained in terms of the unsustainable situation of constantly growing landfills. In sequence, a proactive thinking model is presented and explained that has the potential of drastically reducing landfill size. It is called Municipal Transit Material Processing. The model has been tested successfully in small communities and is now available for scale-up. The landfill diversion achieved stands at 62% of household waste in comparison with 15% theoretically possible in Brazil with selective collection models. Although of necessity the arguments apply directly to Brazil, the basic ideas behind the reasoning may be extrapolated to other Southern countries. The following simple example will illustrate to the reader the type of paradigm inversion the paper proposes to convey. The classical political slogan in Brazil is “get children out of garbage dumps”. The inversion proposed and explained is “do away with garbage dumps”.     

云南稻核心种质苗期与孕穗期耐冷性特点及关系分析

以544份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温(苗期平均5.5～12.3℃,孕穗期平均17.8℃)冷害下,按籼粳、稻作区进行云南稻核心种质苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性的特点及关系研究.结果表明:(1)苗期耐冷性与孕穗期耐冷性密切相关,苗期耐冷性强的材料表现为孕穗期株高、剑叶长和宽、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长较长、穗粒数较多,耐冷性较强.通过对苗期耐冷性的严格选择,可以间接获得孕穗期耐冷性较强的材料.(2)苗期和孕穗期耐冷性在籼粳间、稻作区间差异明显.籼粳间均表现为粳稻强于籼稻;稻作区间苗期耐冷性为滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇南单双季籼稻区最强,滇中一季籼粳稻区和滇西北高寒粳稻区孕穗期耐冷性较强,揭示了水稻苗期与穗期耐冷性的形成演化机制存在一致性和差异性.     

天车通过式集烟罩在45t转炉烟尘治理中的应用

在此提出了天车通过式捕集工艺方法。并在45t转炉的烟气治理上得到成功应用,为解决45t以下中小转炉的问题开辟了新的途径。     

Sociological survey in a municipality with a high level separate collection programme in an area of historic unpopularity

Behaviours, opinions and knowledge of citizens on MSW and separate collection were investigated in the city of Mercato San Severino (about 22,000 people), in the Campania region of Southern Italy that is an area suffering from a serious solid waste emergency that has lasted over 17 years due to the absence of treatment facilities. The image of heaps of rubbish in the streets of Naples and other nearby cities is only one side of the coin. Mercato San Severino has adopted an effective kerbside collection system since 2001 and a pay-as-you-throw program during 2005, guaranteeing more than the minimum level of recycling required by the Italian legislation. Structured questionnaires were administered to a sample of 500 people in 2010. Chi-square tests of independence were applied to state whether the differences were statistically significant (5%). About 90% of the sample stated that the success of the separate collection program was due to either the citizens and local authority or only the local authority, highlighting the leading role of the local authority and confirming that trust is the key to any social program success. The registered level of knowledge was better than that of nearby university students and citizens. The higher the education level, the greater the level of knowledge was.     

深圳市宝安区城市粪污污泥处理管理现状及对策

为了解城市粪污污泥处理和管理所存在的问题,以深圳市宝安区为研究区域,采用实地调研的方法,对该区域粪污产生量和清运量进行测算和分析。通过人均推算法和抽样调查法确定宝安区理论和实际的粪污清运量,以确定该区域的粪污处理规模以及合适的处理工艺和管理模式。实地调研发现,宝安区尚未建立完整的粪污收运体系,清掏工艺及粪污去向难以追踪成为粪污收运体系监管的主要痛点;同时,宝安区辖区内没有专门用于填埋、堆肥或焚烧的粪污处理厂,深圳市唯一1座粪污无害化处理厂由于设计规模有限且设备工艺老旧使得该处理厂无法满足宝安区粪污处理需求。根据粪污清运量的分析结果,从粪污收运、粪污深度脱水和脱水粪污处理3个方面提出一套城市粪污无害化、资源化处理工艺和与其对应的项目建设和运营管理模式。本研究结果可为宝安区及我国其他有类似粪污污泥处理管理问题的地区提供参考。     

印刷过程VOCs废气收集方式选择与优化

为提高印刷过程中VOCs废气的收集效率和合理控制废气净化系统规模,对废气收集方式进行了选择与优化,采用现场测试和数值模拟相结合的方法,对平版印刷过程中VOCs扩散模式进行分析,采用数值模拟方法对常用的外部接收罩、半密闭罩和密闭罩等3种收集方式的效果进行了估算并与实验数据进行了比较。结果表明：由数值模拟得到的VOCs浓度分布趋势与现场测试结果基本一致;密闭罩和半密闭罩达到90%以上收集效率时的最小控制风量分别为160 m³·h⁻¹和320 m³·h⁻¹;外部接收罩在最大设计风量(1 280 m³·h⁻¹)下,收集效率仅为80%;考虑到印刷过程操作条件的限制,在外部接收罩的基础上,增设垂直挡板和三角形格栅,对其进行结构优化,当控制风量为640 m³·h⁻¹时,外部接收罩收集效率由优化前的70%提高到91%。     

WATER DATA - A NEW AWARENESS1

ABSTRACT: One of the most significant changes m the field of hydrology in the past few years has been the increase m demand for basic data resulting from a new awareness on the part of planners, developers and managers of the essential nature of such data. For many years data collection has been an onerous, routine operation, following which the data were processed and stored - either in publications or file drawers - and the job considered completed. Two developments have changed that picture: the realization that we are drastically altering OUT environment, and the advent of the computer. The first forced us into a recognition of our need for accurate basic data and the second provided a new methodology for handling and using it. The change is evidenced m many ways and numerous activities are underway at both State and Federal level for all facets of the acquisition and handling of water data. The collection of basic data still involves hard routine work and a conscientious-effort to maintain a high level of quality. Hopefully, recognition of the absolutely essential nature of an adequate data base will result in the continued enhancement of the basic data collector and the concomitant increase in support of his activities.     

The issue of sustainability and disclosure. A case study of selective garbage collection by the Urban Cleaning Service of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - COMLURB

The Urban Cleaning Company of the City of Rio de Janeiro - COMLURB launched the Recycling Separation Center Project (Projeto Central de Separação de Recicláveis or CSR) in 2003. The objectives of the project were the adequate disposal of solid urban waste as well as the generation of employment and income. The COMLURB Project had economic, environmental and social facets, and the researchers sought to establish whether COMLURB had prepared reports that would enable evaluation of the investment made and the results obtained. In particular, the researchers sought to establish whether COMLURB financial statements set out the results of actions inherent to the CSR. We concluded from our analysis of the Project that the three elements of sustainability (social, environmental and economic), despite being fully present, were not adequately demonstrated. This study therefore proposes a model report with a view to enabling various information users to evaluate the results of the CSR Project.     

专业大类招生环境下高职环境类专业人才培养模式的探索

在分析专业大类招生的特点及社会对环境类专业人才需求的基础上,提出了高职环境类专业进行专业大类招生的可行性,并以中国环境管理干部学院环境污染治理技术类专业为例,对专业大类招生环境条件下高职环境类专业"大平台教育、分方向培养、模块化管理"的培养模式进行了分析探讨。     

秦皇岛市污染源自动监控工作现状及对策

在对秦皇岛市污染源自动监控工作现状进行分析的基础上,结合秦皇岛市自动监控工作存在的问题,提出了建立和完善政策体系、严格自动监控设备市场准入制度、推进第三方机构运营管理和加大资金投入等可操作性的对策。