现代流域管理体系研究

现代流域管理体系是由流域目标管理体系、流域治理技术体系、流域监测预警体系、流域法律与政策保障体系和流域行政管理体系五部分组成. 对流域目标管理体系的概念、组成和功能进行了深入剖析,分析了水体健康目标、污染控制目标、生态保护目标和资源利用目标的基本内涵,明确了流域目标管理体系在现代流域管理中的核心地位和科学意义;阐述了流域治理技术体系的基本内容,分析了工业污染控制、生活污水控制、农业面源控制和生态修复等要求,指出为确保流域生态环境得以改善,必需构建实用的、科学的流域治理技术体系;明确了流域监测预警体系在现代流域管理体系中的“感知”作用,指出完整的监测预警体系应具备提供及时、准确、完整的监测数据的能力,健全的网络监测能力,良好的评估功能,以及完善的预警和应急能力;强调了法律与政策保障体系是实现现代流域管理的必要措施,着重指出加强流域立法、完善管理制度和制订适合的经济政策,不仅可以保障流域管理目标、治理技术和监测预警体系的顺利运行,而且为流域污染治理提供政策和经济上的支持;最后分析了目前流域管理中流域行政管理的“多龙治水”问题,指出流域区划管理和地区间协调管理的必要性和紧迫性. 我国流域管理仍在起步阶段,流域治理技术水平不高,监测预警能力有待提高,流域管理相关立法不够完善,因此必须从流域管理目标、流域治理和监测预警入手加强经济投入,鼓励技术创新,构建完善流域法律与政策保障体系,最终实现跨区域、协调的现代化流域管理.      

化学工业园区重大环境风险源监控技术研究与应用

基于监控系统综合集成的思想,以重大环境污染事件风险源监控技术规范、重大危险源控制规章、污染源在线监测为基础,从监控指标体系、监控布点范围及监控技术筛选三方面建立化学工业园区中重大环境风险源监控技术体系. 结果表明:重大环境风险源监控指标体系主要从企业内部及企业周边敏感受体两方面进行构建;监控范围从重大环境风险源本体、缓冲区及环境敏感受体三方面确定;监控技术筛选时考虑了环境风险源的状态、监控技术方法的实用性和环境风险源/受体属性. 以上海闵行区化学工业园区为例,经调研统计,该化学工业园区共有重大风险源87个,其中罐区60个、排放口12个,其余分散在库房、生产场所等处. 根据化学工业园区企业内部风险设施及周围敏感受体的监控指标、监控范围及常用监控技术,制定了以罐区、排放口的特征风险物质为指标,以储罐的温度、压力、图像视频、液位及排放口特征风险物质浓度的传感器监控技术为主的监控方案.      

云南宣威地区燃煤排放颗粒物中石英矿物的特征

云南宣威地区是我国人群肺癌死亡率最高的地区之一,过往研究表明,该区的高肺癌死亡率可能与居民室内燃煤排放颗粒物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)有关,而最近研究发现,其中的nm级石英可能是导致肺癌发生的原因, 但鲜见该区燃煤排放颗粒物中细粒石英矿物的研究. 为探究燃煤排放细粒矿物的分布特征,采集了肺癌高发区宣威市来宾镇及周边5个乡镇煤矿中的15个煤样,使用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM/EDS)分析了煤样的煤岩组分及矿物组成. 结果表明:宣威煤以中挥发分、较高镜质组烟煤为主,煤中主要矿物为石英、鲕绿泥石、高岭石和方解石;不同煤样中,矿物质的结晶程度有所差异;单颗粒统计结果显示,在所统计的775个矿物颗粒中,石英颗粒占37.9%,并且粒径多分布在1~2μm之间; 石英矿物颗粒的形状不规则且以微粒的形式填充在煤缝隙中. 石英与鲕绿泥石共存的现象显示,宣威煤中石英来源于富含Fe和Al的硅质热液流,而非岩石碎屑沉积;此外,在肺癌高发区(来宾镇),其煤中Si+Fe质矿物颗粒含量较Si质矿物高. 今后将重点研究石英颗粒在Fe参与下的生物活性.      

超细水雾抑制煤燃烧的模拟实验研究

为了研究超细水雾对煤燃烧的抑制效果,基于小尺寸空间抑制燃烧实验平台,研究了超细水雾对煤燃烧的抑制效果,计算在超细水雾作用下实验空间内部氧气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳体积分数的变化情况以及燃烧空间内不同部位的温度变化情况,并且与煤自由燃烧的情况做对比。研究表明超细水雾对煤燃烧的火灾发展过程有很好的抑制作用。研究结论对超细水雾应用于熄灭矿井煤炭火灾具有一定的指导意义     

建筑垃圾资源化处置技术及装备综述

介绍了国内外有关建筑垃圾资源化处置的相关工艺,并从分选除杂、破碎、筛分、整形强化四方面总结了建筑垃圾资源化处置技术与装备,分析其性能特点及应用范围,为我国相关工艺技术及装备的发展提供参考和借鉴。     

转炉煤气干法除尘回收系统关键技术的优化应用

转炉煤气干法除尘回收系统在运行中存在较多不稳定因素,故障时有发生,严重制约生产的均衡稳定。通过进行工艺、设备改进,优化应用蒸发冷却器喷淋水水质提升、蒸发冷却器桶壁高效化清理技术、电除尘器泄爆控制技术、电除尘器电场劣化控制技术、电除尘器阴极线在线更换技术等关键技术,逐步完善原技术的固有缺陷,有效解决了各类问题。通过转炉煤气干法除尘回收系统关键技术的优化应用,实现了设备系统的稳定高效运行,使其运行效率达到甚至超过了国内外同行的最好水平,同时使得原转炉煤气干法除尘回收技术得到了有效的补充和完善。     

石煤提钒工艺中烟气污染物排放控制研究

介绍了传统钠法焙烧石煤提钒生产工艺的原理及烟气污染物产生和治理现状,提出了一种新型的焙烧工艺及烟气污染防治技术,阐述了工艺原理,并与传统工艺和方法进行了比较分析。基于中试试验报告及监测数据,研究分析了烟气污染物防治措施的技术可行性,针对烟气排放中存在的问题及原因进行了探讨,并提出了改进措施及建议,旨在为石煤提钒企业在烟气污染物治理控制方面提供参考。     

Facilitating sustainable development in Chile: a survey of suitable energy technologies

Sustainable development in developing countries is the main aim of the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). However, in the present context, uncertainty prevails as to whether the CDM is actually achieving its aims in terms of achieving sustainable development and to what extent. Chile has several renewable energy and energy efficiency options with significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions abatement potential that are not yet financially and economically competitive. In order to be able to identify potential CDM projects and to formulate a series of possible investment strategies with a sustainable development component, it is crucial to establish a clear understanding of the host country's needs and priorities and the suitable sustainable energy technologies to meet these needs. The main scope of this paper is to present results obtained from an elaborated stakeholder assessment on Chile's high priority energy needs and sustainable energy technologies fulfilling these needs in order to assist Chile in finding ways of encouraging technology transfer that would contribute to low-carbon sustainable energy development.     

Assessing the relative impacts of the factors affecting MIS adoption process

Micro-irrigation systems (MIS) have been at the forefront of policy-making and social research in exploring determinants that could potentially impact the adoption of MIS technologies in the field to fulfil the basic aim of enhanced agricultural productivity and enriched nutritional quality of the produce with optimal adoption of natural resources. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine why MIS technologies have not been adopted to the extent anticipated, so that suitable policy schemes, promotional schemes and socio-technical frameworks could be formulated for their enhanced adoption to enhance the socio-economic status of the farming community in the Dahod district of Gujarat State, India. A study of 350 non-MIS (NMIS) and 350 MIS farmers was conducted to identify factors affecting the MIS adoption process. The logit model was fitted using XLSTAT software (XLSTAT 2014.1.04) to the explanatory variables (determinants) of the MIS adoption process. Type III analysis and ANOVA were conducted to test the relative significance of the explanatory variables adopted. It was found that total income had the highest weight (or beta coefficient, i.e. 0.625) followed by total land area (0.546), motor horsepower (0.499), dependency ratio (0.397), and education (0.295) and age of household head (0.207). Furthermore, to assess the efficacy of the logit model, the ROC curve was also developed and the AUC was found to be 0.881, and therefore the model was considered to discriminate well in identifying the factors affecting the MIS adoption process. The study found that higher total income and education level increase the likelihood of MIS adoption and agricultural water management, and therefore special training programmes on installation, as well as repair and maintenance, of MIS systems and agricultural water management can be planned at the institutional/organisation level. The total cultivable area is also one of the important determinants in MIS adoption, and therefore the adoption of MIS schemes should not be restricted to large farmers only, but rather should be extended to both small and marginal farmers.     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.