海口市湿地保护修复经验

本文从海口湿地资源现状及特点、湿地面临威胁与问题、湿地保护修复经验等几个方面深入分析,总结了近年来海口市湿地保护修复工作的主要经验与启示,总结出"海口经验",即高位推动、顶层规划、示范带动、全民参与、合理利用,并对海口未来需要重点关注的内容提出了建议。在当今生态文明建设战略背景下,保护好人类发展的绿色基础设施——湿地,将产生巨大的生态、社会和经济效益。因此,将"海口经验"推向全国,并在全国形成示范作用,对落实湿地保护与合理利用的相关政策与制度、提高全民湿地保护意识、推动我国湿地保护管理进程具有重要意义。     

污泥填埋场气体产量的预测方法研究

为有效利用污泥填埋场内产生的沼气,以上海白龙港污水处理厂污泥为例,对污泥填埋场中气体产生率及产生量进行了预测.应用元素的归一化摩尔化方法得到该污水处理厂污泥有机物的近似分子式为C28H52O16N4.用化学计量法和IPCC模型预测的甲烷气体产生潜能分别为60.6,61.7kg/t(以干重计).用动力学模型和IPCC模型预测的甲烷气体产生率分别为13.3,11.1kg/(t×a)(以干重计),2种方法计算的甲烷气体产生率的差别主要在于参数的取值不同,化学计量法和动力学模型法预测的气体产生量和产生率更能反映污泥填埋场实际的气体产生情况,应用IPCC模型更适合于从宏观角度估算一个地区或整个国家的填埋场产气量.     

含固率和接种比对林可霉素菌渣厌氧消化的影响

通过林可霉素菌渣的中温厌氧消化摇瓶实验,比较不同的含固率(3%、5%、8%、10%)和接种比(0.5、1、2、3)对菌渣产甲烷能力的影响,以确定菌渣厌氧消化的最优工艺条件.结果表明,在研究参数范围内,含固率越低,接种比越高,越有利于甲烷的产生;经过10d的培养,在含固率为3%、接种比为3时的工况中,菌渣的挥发性固体(VS)累计净产甲烷量最高,为106 mL/g;而含固率>5%、接种比2的液态发酵工艺,此条件既能保证厌氧消化不受消化产物(胺和挥发性有机酸)积累的抑制,也可以缓冲菌渣中残留林可霉素对消化微生物可能产生的抑制效应.     

Tradeoffs between forestry resource and conservation values under alternate policy regimes: A spatial analysis of the western Canadian boreal plains

An important element of resource management and conservation is an understanding of the tradeoffs between marketed products, such as timber, and measures of environmental quality, such as biodiversity. In this paper, we develop an integrated economic-ecological spatial optimization model that we then apply to evaluate alternate forest policies on a 560,000 km² study region of managed boreal forest in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. The integrated model incorporates dynamic forest sector harvesting, current levels of oil and gas sector development, coarse-filter or habitat-based old forest indicators, a set of empirical forest bird abundance models, and statistical models of the natural and current fire regimes. Using our integrated model, economic tradeoff curves, or production possibility frontiers, are developed to illustrate the cost of achieving coarse-filter targets by a set time (50 years) within a 100-year time horizon. We found levels of ecological indicators and economic returns from the timber industry could both be increased if spatial constraints imposed by the current policy environment were relaxed; other factors being equal, this implies current policy should be revised. We explore the production possibility frontier's relationship to the range of natural variation of old forest habitat, and show how this range can be used to guide choices of preferred locations along the frontier. We also show that coarse-filter constraints on the abundance of certain habitat elements are sufficient to satisfy some fine-filter objectives, expressed as the predicted abundances of various species of songbirds.     

冬季土地管理对稻季CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响

通过室内培养和田间试验测定了冬季休闲、种麦和淹水处理水稻生长期CH4的产生潜力、氧化潜力及其排放通量,以探讨冬季土地管理对后续稻季CH4产生、氧化和排放的影响。结果表明：休闲与种麦处理间CH4产生潜力无显著差异（P〉0．05）,但2者均显著低于淹水处理（P〈0．05）;各处理间CH4氧化潜力无显著差异（P〉0．05）,土壤中NH4^＋-N含量可能是较冬季土地管理更为重要的影响CH4氧化潜力的因素;休闲处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于种麦处理（P〈0．05）,但2者均显著低于淹水处理（P〈0．05）。冬季持续淹水稻田CH4产生潜力显著高于冬季排水稻田是其CH4排放量远高于冬季排水稻田的原因。冬季土地管理对稻季CH4排放的影响主要受CH4产生潜力而非CH4氧化潜力的限制。     

冬季淹水稻田CH_4产生、氧化和排放规律及其影响因素研究

采用静态箱/气象色谱法——田间原位观测和室内培养试验连续一年研究了冬季淹水稻田的CH4产生潜力、氧化潜力和排放通量,以探讨冬季淹水稻田CH4产生、氧化和排放的季节变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：0~251 d（d表示淹水后天数）,CH4产生潜力逐渐增大,到251 d达最大值,之后逐渐减小;0~204 d,CH4氧化潜力变化较小,但到235 d急剧增至最大值,随后逐渐减小;0~169 d,稻田几乎没有CH4排放,192 d才开始有较明显的CH4排放,到230 d达最大值,为80.2 mg.m-2.h-1,随后逐渐减小,331 d出现一个CH4排放高峰。全观测期内CH4排放量为69.9 g.m-2,其中非水稻生长期排放6.7 g.m-2,占总量的9.5%。全观测期内CH4产生潜力与土温及土壤Eh均无显著相关性;全观测期内CH4氧化潜力与土温极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,水稻生长期CH4氧化潜力与土壤中氨氮含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）;全观测期内稻田CH4排放与土温和CH4产生潜力两个因素均显著正相关（P〈0.05）而与土壤Eh呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）。     

生草栽培对三种岭南水果种植系统的生态经济影响评价

综合运用能值、经济与土壤生态学分析方法,以传统清耕模式为对照,定量研究了生草栽培对荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn)、龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour)和番荔枝(Annona squamosa Linn)三种岭南水果种植系统的生态经济影响。整合系统物质流、能量流和货币流,综合分析其自然资源基础、经济发展状况及可持续发展程度,并将土壤有机质的消耗纳入不可更新自然资源能值投入分析,为岭南水果业生草栽培与否提供科学依据。结果表明,生草栽培可以将荔枝和龙眼种植系统的能值可持续性从传统清耕模式的0.16和0.46分别提升到0.17和0.47;而使番荔枝种植系统的能值可持续性从传统清耕模式的0.59降至0.45。同时,生草栽培可提高荔枝和番荔枝种植系统的经济效益,而降低龙眼种植系统的经济效益。所有案例结果均表明,生草栽培可降低果园土壤有机质的消耗。     

Validation of Methods for Determination of Metabolic Rate in the Edholm Scale and ISO 8996

The aim of this study was to validate the Edholm scale (Edholm, 1966) and the ISO 8996 standard (International Organization for Standardization [ISO], 1990) by comparing the metabolic rates estimated for both methods with the actual measured metabolic rate (M_Meas) in 6 manual material handling tasks simulated under laboratory conditions. The metabolic rate was calculated from oxygen consumption VO₂ (19 participants) according to Standard No. ISO 8996 (ISO, 1990). Additionally, the participants estimated perceived exertion using the Borg scale. The metabolic rates derived from the Edholm scale (M_Edh) overestimated 5 of 6 activities by 34-50% (α = .05). The metabolic rates derived from ISO 8996 (M_ISO) overestimated all activities by 7-38% (α =.05).     

Company Strategies and Program for Implementing Ergonomics

Three periods of work environmental activity in the company will be presented: (a) A period without a work environmental organization and an environmental budget, covered approximately 1 year; (b) A period when an environmental organization with a separate work environmental budget was established. This period covered 15 years; (c) A period when the company was divided in 3 companies without a separate work environmental budget, but still an environmental organization, covering the last 12 years.     

新疆化工企业清洁生产潜力分析——以新疆中泰化学华泰重化工有限责任公司为例

在对清洁生产潜力分析方法简要介绍的基础上,引入Umberto（R）物流管理软件,对华泰化工公司PVC生产线进行建模分析、评估,查找浪费环节,提高企业资源能源利用水平,同时为其它企业进行类似分析提供思路。