青海省洪水变化情况的研究

为了研究青海省洪水变化情况,搜集了青海省内43个水文站的相关数据,其中选取具有长期观测资料的32个水文站资料,采用P-Ⅲ曲线作为其理论频率曲线,并与各站自建站-1974年和建站-2008年的水文计算成果进行比较,结果表明青海省水情发生了较大的变化,且在各水文分区的变化也不相同。     

移动通信基站电磁环境监测浅析

根据国家现有监测技术规范,结合移动通信基站建设和监测工作实践的实际,阐述监测工作的要点及监测设备要求。     

适应气候变化是当务之急

地球气候变化既有自然因素又有人为因素,全球变暖主要原因是人类活动温室气体排放过度。因此,在应对气候变化问题上,人们对减排温室气高度重视是理所当然,而长期以来对＂适应气候变化＂却有所忽视。其实,对发展中国家《适应气候变化》才是当务之急。本文在＂发展低碳经济,应对全球变暖＂减排二氧化碳温室气体的基础上,论述适应气候变化的迫切性和基本途径。     

县域城镇空气质量变化与防治对策分析研究

摘要：对2006～2011年宜良县城NO2、SO2、PM10监测数据进行统计分析,认为SO2是县城的主要污染物。3种污染物年际浓度变化为：NO2、SO2下降趋势显著,PM10下降趋势不显著;季节浓度变化为：S02冬〉秋〉春〉夏,N02、PM10冬〉春〉秋〉夏,并提出防治建议。     

冬季黄东海颗粒有机碳的时空分布特征

根据2007年1～2月对黄东海大面调查的资料,分析研究了黄东海颗粒有机碳(POC)的时空分布特征。结果表明,冬季黄东海POC的浓度范围是2.49～1 658.96μg/L,平均浓度为125.88μg/L。在垂直方向上,POC由上而下随着水深的增加浓度逐渐降低,到底层后浓度又升高。在平面分布上,POC整体上呈现西部近岸浓度较高、东部离岸浓度较低的特点;POC的高值区集中在浙江近岸海区,特别是浙江舟山群岛南部近海,POC浓度非常高,这是受陆源输入和沉积物再悬浮的共同作用。在周日变化上,受潮汐作用和海区生物活动的影响,东海陆架中部海域除底层以外,其它各层POC在午后、傍晚、凌晨出现浓度的高峰值,而西南海域,除了底层外,其它各层均表现出全日周期变化。     

大窑湾海域虾夷扇贝体内麻痹性贝毒的周年变化

麻痹性贝毒是对人体健康构成严重危害的甲藻类毒素。2007～2008年,大窑湾虾夷扇贝体内麻痹性贝毒2周年的调查发现,其含量与组分有着明显的季节变化,4-7月份麻痹性贝毒含量较高,4月份最高,平均含量可达378.32μg STXeq/100 g,有C1、C2、GTX1、GTX2、GTX3、GTX5、dcGTX2、dcGTX3、neoSTX、STX等10种毒素组分。大窑湾虾夷扇贝体内麻痹行贝毒组分显著增多,含量明显增高。     

中国突发环境事件时间序列分析

突发性环境事件时间序列特征可表征环境风险管理成效及存在问题。研究表明2000年以来中国突发环境事件预防、控制与管理取得了显著成效,其中,突发性水污染事件、大气污染事件以及噪声振动危害年发生频次呈大幅度降低趋势,但固废污染事件自2003年以来的年发生频次变化不大,而其它突发性环境事件自2002年以来的年发生频次则呈快速增长态势,说明中国在强调突发性水环境和大气环境事件监管的同时,还需加强固废污染事件及其它类型突发环境事件的监控与管理。     

Does safety climate moderate the influence of staffing adequacy and work conditions on nurse injuries?

PROBLEM: Hospital nurses have one of the highest work-related injury rates in the United States. Yet, approaches to improving employee safety have generally focused on attempts to modify individual behavior through enforced compliance with safety rules and mandatory participation in safety training. We examined a theoretical model that investigated the impact on nurse injuries (back injuries and needlesticks) of critical structural variables (staffing adequacy, work engagement, and work conditions) and further tested whether safety climate moderated these effects. METHOD: A longitudinal, non-experimental, organizational study, conducted in 281 medical-surgical units in 143 general acute care hospitals in the United States. RESULTS: Work engagement and work conditions were positively related to safety climate, but not directly to nurse back injuries or needlesticks. Safety climate moderated the relationship between work engagement and needlesticks, while safety climate moderated the effect of work conditions on both needlesticks and back injuries, although in unexpected ways. DISCUSSION AND IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Our findings suggest that positive work engagement and work conditions contribute to enhanced safety climate and can reduce nurse injuries.     

The predictive validity of safety climate

PROBLEM: Safety professionals have increasingly turned their attention to social science for insight into the causation of industrial accidents. One social construct, safety climate, has been examined by several researchers [Cooper, M. D., & Phillips, R. A. (2004). Exploratory analysis of the safety climate and safety behavior relationship. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 497-512; Gillen, M., Baltz, D., Gassel, M., Kirsch, L., & Vacarro, D. (2002). Perceived safety climate, job Demands, and coworker support among union and nonunion injured construction workers. Journal of Safety Research, 33(1), 33-51; Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (2002). Safety climate and safety behaviour. Australian Journal of Management, 27, 66-76; Zohar, D. (2000). A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(4), 587-596; Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 616-628] who have documented its importance as a factor explaining the variation of safety-related outcomes (e.g., behavior, accidents). Researchers have developed instruments for measuring safety climate and have established some degree of psychometric reliability and validity. The problem, however, is that predictive validity has not been firmly established, which reduces the credibility of safety climate as a meaningful social construct. The research described in this article addresses this problem and provides additional support for safety climate as a viable construct and as a predictive indicator of safety-related outcomes. METHODS: This study used 292 employees at three locations of a heavy manufacturing organization to complete the 16 item Zohar Safety Climate Questionnaire (ZSCQ) [Zohar, D., & Luria, G. (2005). A multilevel model of safety climate: Cross-level relationships between organization and group-level climates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 616-628]. In addition, safety behavior and accident experience data were collected for 5 months following the survey and were statistically analyzed (structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, etc.) to identify correlations, associations, internal consistency, and factorial structures. RESULTS: Results revealed that the ZSCQ: (a) was psychometrically reliable and valid, (b) served as an effective predictor of safety-related outcomes (behavior and accident experience), and (c) could be trimmed to an 11 item survey with little loss of explanatory power. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Practitioners and researchers can use the ZSCQ with reasonable certainty of the questionnaire's reliability and validity. This provides a solid foundation for the development of meaningful organizational interventions and/or continued research into social factors affecting industrial accident experience.     

Integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and advance adaptation,mitigation, and sustainable development

Determinants of adaptive and mitigative capacities (e.g., availability of technological options, and access to economic resources, social capital and human capital) largely overlap. Several factors underlying or related to these determinants are themselves indicators of sustainable development (e.g., per capita income; and various public health, education and research indices). Moreover, climate change could exacerbate existing climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria, water shortage, coastal flooding and threats to biodiversity) faced specifically by many developing countries. Based on these commonalities, the paper identifies integrated approaches to formulating strategies and measures to concurrently advance adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development. These approaches range from broadly moving sustainable development forward (by developing and/or nurturing institutions, policies and infrastructure to stimulate economic development, technological change, human and social capital, and reducing specific barriers to sustainable development) to reducing vulnerabilities to urgent climate-sensitive risks that hinder sustainable development and would worsen with climate change. The resulting sustainable economic development would also help reduce birth rates, which could mitigate climate change and reduce the population exposed to climate change and climate-sensitive risks, thereby reducing impacts, and the demand for adaptation. The paper also offers a portfolio of pro-active strategies and measures consistent with the above approaches, including example measures that would simultaneously reduce pressures on biodiversity, hunger, and carbon sinks. Finally it addresses some common misconceptions that could hamper fuller integration of adaptation and mitigation, including the notions that adaptation may be unsuitable for natural systems, and mitigation should necessarily have primacy over adaptation.