近50年来长江-黄河源区气候及水文环境变化趋势分析

对长江、黄河源区12个台站近50年来的温度、降水资料分析表明，近50年来长江源区平均升温0．61℃，黄河源区平均升温0．88℃；长江一黄河源区降水量在经过上世纪80年代高峰期后90年代呈现明显下降趋势，东部地区降水量减幅大于西部地区；在总体气候向暖干变化的同时，区域内春末夏初和冬季部分月份近50年来气候朝暖湿化方向发展。径流量在上世纪90年代呈现出较强的枯水期，然而由于气候变暖加剧了冰雪的消融，以冰雪融水补给为主的河流在温度升高的气候背景下径流量出现了较大幅度的增长。伴随着温度的升高和降水量的波动变化，近50年来区域内呈现出冰川、冻土加速消融，湖泊、沼泽疏干退化加剧的趋势。     

The dynamic nature of antipredator behavior: prey fish integrate threat-sensitive antipredator responses within background levels of predation risk

Prey animals often have to face a dynamic tradeoff between the costs of antipredator behavior and the benefits of other fitness-related activities such as foraging and reproduction. According to the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis, prey animals should match the intensity of their antipredator behavior to the degree of immediate threat posed by the predator. Moreover, longer-term temporal variability in predation risk (over days to weeks) can shape the intensity of antipredator behavior. According to the risk allocation hypothesis, changing the background level of risk for several days is often enough to change the response intensity of the prey to a given stimulus. As the background level of risk increases, the response intensity of the prey decreases. In this study, we tested for possible interactions between immediate threat-sensitive responses to varying levels of current perceived risk and temporal variability in background risk experienced over the past 3 days. Juvenile convict cichlids were preexposed to either low or high frequencies of predation risk (using conspecific chemical alarm cues) for 3 days and were then tested for a response to one of five concentrations (100, 50, 25, 12.5%, or a distilled water control). According to the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis, we found greater intensity responses to greater concentrations of alarm cues. Moreover, in accordance with the risk allocation hypothesis, we found that cichlids previously exposed to the high background level of risk exhibited a lower overall intensity response to each alarm cue concentration than those exposed to the low background level of risk. It is interesting to note that we found that the background level of risk over the past 3 days influenced the threshold level of response to varying concentrations of alarm cues. Indeed, the minimum stimulus concentration that evoked a behavioral response was lower for fish exposed to high background levels of predation than those exposed to low background levels of predation. These results illustrate a remarkable interplay between immediate (current) risk and background risk in shaping the intensity of antipredator responses.     

Assessing municipal-level governance responses to climate change in KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

The 2011 Durban Adaptation Charter for Local Governments calls on local governments, worldwide, to institutionalise climate response, with the aim of minimising the impacts of climate change on local livelihoods and vulnerable communities. This paper, through the use of case studies, in-depth interviews and document review, assesses how three non-metropolitan municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal, a district municipality, and two local municipalities under its jurisdiction, are responding to this call. The results suggest that while the municipalities have adopted measures to institutionalise climate responses, the responses are relatively new and implementation is slow, complex and fraught with limitations and competing demands. Furthermore, there appears to be a lack of co-ordination of responses between the two levels of government, which has the potential to lead to duplication. Given the multi-scalar nature of climate change, emphasis on co-ordination and the inclusion of all municipal departments in the development and implementation of responses is necessary.     

基于Meta分析的安全氛围与安全绩效的关系研究*

为更系统地归纳安全氛围与安全绩效的关系,探究安全氛围、安全绩效及安全结果间的影响机制,采用Meta分析方法,通过2000—2020年54篇文献的55个独立研究样本进行定量综合分析,并进一步探讨安全氛围与安全绩效各维度间的关系,同时运用Meta二元回归探究潜在调节变量对2者间关系的调节作用。结果表明:安全氛围显著正向影响安全绩效,在高危行业中安全氛围对安全绩效影响更大;安全氛围与安全参与、安全遵守均显著正相关,且安全氛围对安全参与的影响强于对安全遵守的影响;安全氛围和安全绩效均与安全结果显著负相关,且安全绩效对安全结果的影响强于安全氛围对安全结果的影响。     

Climate change and sandy land development in Qinghai Lake Watershed, China

The Qinghai Lake Watershed, containing the largest saline lake in northwest of China, has suffered from severe sandy land development in recent years. This paper analyzes its daily precipitation, temperature, and wind from 1958 to 2001, and the spatial and temporal distributions of sandy land through the interpretation of remote sensing images covering four years (1977, 1987, 2000, and 2004). Results showed that since the middle of the 1960s, the daily precipitation (P) of 0<P⩽5 mm decreased, while the P>20 mm increased significantly (S<0.05) in their annual total amounts and days. The maximum daily precipitation also increased significantly. Both the maximum dry spell and the total dry spell of more than ten days had a significant upward trend. Since the beginning of the 1960s, all the extremely high, extremely low and mean temperatures increased significantly (S<0.01), at a rate of 0.1°C/10a, 0.2°C/10a, and 0.2°C/10a, respectively. The days with extremely high temperature had a significant upward trend, while the days with extremely low temperature had a significant downward trend. The Qinghai Lake was significantly shrinking (S<0.01) and provided abundant sediments for Aeolian erosion. The NNW wind prevailed in the watershed, and the largest scale wind was from the west and concentrated on the dry months. As a result, the sandy land was mainly born on the east bank of Qinghai Lake. The total sandy land area in the watershed had grown from 587.4 km², 660.7 km², 697.6 km² to 805.8 km², accordingly, its area percentage growing from 2.0%, 2.2%, 2.4% to 2.7%, respectively.     

湿地土壤在湿地环境功能中的角色与作用

文章阐述了湿地土壤在湿地大气调节以及污染物净化方面的角色并介绍了目前湿地土壤的研究现状,分析了进一步强化湿地土壤环境功能的可能性,希望对今后湿地土壤环境功能的研究有所助益。     

河流有机碳的输送特征对区域气候的响应

河流有机碳的输送特征与区域气候特征密切相关,气候的季节变化及空间分异、气候的异常和波动等都对河流有机碳的输送通量和性质产生显著的影响。指出降水的季节性变化直接影响河流有机碳输送通量和性质的季节性变化,不同的气候格局下河流有机碳的输送特征有较大差别,气候异常或气候波动往往使河流有机碳的输送通量和性质产生异常或波动,气候的变化直接或间接影响河流有机碳输送通量和性质的变化。     

An inhibitor of urease activity effectively reduces ammonia emissions from soil treated with urea under Mediterranean conditions

Urea is an important source of ammonia (NH₃) emissions to the atmosphere from agricultural soils. Abatement strategies are necessary in order to achieve NH₃ emission targets by reducing those emissions. In this context, a field experiment was carried out on a sunflower crop in spring 2006 with the aim of evaluating the effect of the N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) in the mitigation of volatilized NH₃ from a urea-fertilised soil. Ammonia emission was quantified, using the integrated horizontal flux (IHF) method, following application of urea with and without the urease inhibitor NBPT. Urea and a mixture of urea and NBPT (0.14%, w/w) were surface-applied at a rate of 170 kg N ha⁻¹ to circular plots (diameter 40 m). The soil was irrigated with 10 mm of water just after the application of urea to dissolve and incorporate it into the upper layer of soil. Over the duration of the measurement period (36 days) three peaks of NH₃ were observed. The first peak was associated with hydrolysis of urea after irrigation and the others with the increase of ammonia in soil solution after changes in atmospheric variables such as wind speed and rainfall. The total NH₃ emission during the whole experiment was 17.3 ± 0.5 kg NH₃–N ha⁻¹ in the case of urea treated soils and 10.0 ± 2.2 kg NH₃–N ha⁻¹ where NBPT was included with the urea (10.1 and 5.9%, respectively, of the applied urea–N). The lower NH₃ emissions from plots fertilised with urea + NBPT, compared with urea alone, were associated with a reduction in urease activity during the first 9 days after inhibitor application. This reduction in enzymatic activity promoted a decrease in the exchangeable NH₄⁺ pool.     

全球气候变暖成因分析

论述了太阳辐射、大气环流和地表状况是形成气候的3个基本因素.此外,还有人类活动、太阳活动、火山活动等影响气候变化的第4类因子.影响全球气候变暖的因素既有自然因素,也有人为因素.但导致近百年全球气候持续变暖的主要因素是人为因素(人类活动),即自19世纪末工业革命后,世界各国工业化、城市化快速发展,使大气中CO2等“温室效应“气体持续增加,而森林植被遭到大量砍伐和破坏,全球森林植被覆盖率持续下降,平衡大气中CO2与O2的生态功能不断下降,结果导致全球“温室效应“持续增强,使近百年来全球气候持续变暖.自然因素太阳活动对全球气候变暖的影响是周期性而不是持续性的.太阳活动增强期(高峰期)有增温作用,减弱期(低谷期)有降温作用,对全球气候变暖有影响,但比起人类活动造成的CO2等气体“温室效应“持续增强对气候持续变暖的影响相对较小.     

西双版纳思茅松（Pinus kesiya）年轮宽度和早晚材稳定氧同位素对气候因子的响应

由于热带地区大部分树木缺乏清晰的年轮,因此树木年轮的研究相对较为薄弱。树轮稳定同位素较树轮宽度能更好地记录环境变化的信息,特别是研究年内稳定同位素可以提供气候变化的季节动态信息。本研究以西双版纳地区的思茅松（Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon）为研究材料,建立了1985—2018年的思茅松年轮宽度、早材和晚材稳定氧同位素（ δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW）年表,分析了树轮宽度、 δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW年表与温度、降水和标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）等气候要素的相关关系,并研究了思茅松 δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW记录的降水、SPEI变化以及与大尺度季风环流的关系。结果表明：西双版纳地区思茅松树轮 δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW的均值接近,并且均呈下降趋势,这种下降趋势可能与西双版纳地区的雾日减少有关。树轮宽度对气候因子响应不敏感,仅与上一年7月的温度呈显著负相关关系,与上一年7月降水呈显著正相关关系。 δ¹⁸O_EW主要记录了生长季早期（4月和5月）的降水和SPEI信号,而 δ¹⁸O_LW主要记录了生长季末期（8月）的降水和SPEI信号。 δ¹⁸O_EW和 δ¹⁸O_LW分别能很好地代表区域5月和8月的干湿变化。树轮 δ¹⁸O也受到了ENSO的影响,其中树轮 δ¹⁸O_EW与3—12月厄尔尼诺呈显著正相关关系,树轮 δ¹⁸O_LW与9—12月厄尔尼诺呈显著正相关关系（p＜0.05）。该研究表明西双版纳地区的思茅松树轮早晚材 δ¹⁸O具有重建区域干湿变化的潜力。