Clogging of an Effluent Dominated Semiarid River: A Conceptual Model of Stream‐Aquifer Interactions1

Abstract: Water managers in arid and semiarid regions increasingly view treated wastewater (effluent) as an important water resource. Artificial recharge basins allow effluent to seep into the ground relieving stressed aquifers, however these basins frequently clog due to physical, chemical, and biological processes. Likewise effluent is increasingly used to maintain perennial base flow for dry streambeds, however, little is known about the impact of effluent on streambed hydraulic conductivity and stream‐aquifer interactions. We address this issue by investigating: if a clogging layer forms, how the formation of a clogging layer alters stream‐aquifer connections, and what hydrologic factors control the formation and removal of clogging layers. We focused on the Upper Santa Cruz River, Arizona where effluent from the Nogales International Waste Water Treatment Plant sustains perennial flow. Monthly sampling, along a 30 km river reach, was done with two foci: physical streambed transformations and water source identification using chemical composition. Historical dataset were included to provide a larger context for the work. Results show that localized clogging occurs in the Upper Santa Cruz River. The clogging layers perch the stream and shallow streambed causing desaturation below the streambed. With these results, a conceptual model of clogging is established in the context of a semiarid hydrologic cycle: formation during the hot premonsoon months when flow is nearly constant and removal by large flood flows (>10 m³/s) during the monsoon season. However, if the intensity of flooding during the semiarid hydrologic cycle is lessened, the dependent riparian area can experience a die off. This conceptual model leads us to the conclusion that effluent dominated riparian systems are inherently unstable due to the clogging process. Further understanding of this process could lead to improved ecosystem restoration and management.     

人工土壤渗滤的吸附效应

实验研究了不同粒径砂砾对颗粒COD的吸附,并在此研究基础上构建人工土壤渗滤系统,着重分析了颗粒COD在系统中的吸附和堵塞。主要结论包括:(1)颗粒直径为0.1～0.3mm的石英砂对于颗粒COD具有很好的去除效果;(2)人工土壤渗滤对颗粒COD去除率为50%～90%之间,最高可达93.66%;(3)在本实验条件下,悬浮物截留、吸附是引起人工土壤渗滤系统堵塞的主导作用,采用掩水期与落干期交替运行方式,可有效解决由此造成的堵塞问题,保证系统的长期稳定运行。     

人工潜流湿地堵塞成因及解决措施

堵塞是制约人工湿地长效运行的关键影响因素,是湿地设计的最关键环节。结合作者在人工湿地方面多年的研究和实践经验,对湿地堵塞成因进行了详细分析,提出了有效解决措施,并列举了成功工程案例,为潜流人工湿地设计提供了有益的借鉴。     

污泥在水热反应中的颗粒相转变规律及预热堵塞成因分析

本实验研究了不同温度条件下,污泥固体在水热反应中的颗粒相形态变化过程,以及有机质在固、液相间的转化规律,并根据实验结果对污泥预热堵塞过程及成因进行分析.结果表明,蛋白质和糖是水溶液中的主要大分子中间产物,当温度大于260 ℃时,污泥固体极不稳定,有机质快速溶出,同时固相沉降比（SV）迅速降低.在反应初期,固体颗粒脱水速度大于有机质降解速度,造成颗粒出现团聚、固结现象,这可能是污泥预热堵塞的主要原因.当温度低于220 ℃时,固相有机物分解缓慢并持续溶出到液相中,蛋白质和糖在溶液中持续累积.该条件下,颗粒相形态不会快速变化,从而较长时间内保持其絮体特征.     

水平排水孔地下水位线附近淤堵机理分析

水平排水孔作为滑坡治理中最广泛应用的排水技术,其淤堵问题严重影响使用寿命与效益。机械淤堵是水平排水孔的主要淤堵形式,尤其是水平排水孔地下水位线附近淤堵作用强烈。通过模型试验探究仰角、间歇性排水、回渗等因素对水平排水孔淤堵的影响,根据模型试验结果分析水平排水孔在地下水位线附近的淤堵机理。结果表明:水平排水孔的淤堵位置与渗流路径有关,小仰角是造成水平排水孔淤堵的重要原因,间歇性排水及回渗问题都会加重其淤堵,泥沙在水流中的沉积作用和细颗粒泥沙的絮凝作用是水平排水孔机械淤堵发生的原因。     

Clogging of Filtering Material Systems Used for Disposable Respirators

The article shows the problem of clogging in connection with the parameters of filtering materials used in respiratory protective equipment. The results of investigations of airflow resistance changes during the depositing of dust inside the filtering material are presented. The configuration of layers differing in mass per unit area and the number of layers, were taken into consideration. For each configuration, the clogging abilities and the changes of airflow resistance as a reason of loading with dust were assessed. The analysis of tested materials confirms the hypothesis that there is an important coincidence between the properties of the material used in filtering equipment and the clogging coefficient. The results show that the filter should have a layered structure and that the outer layer should be made of a nonwoven of relatively high surface density.     

潜流型人工湿地基质堵塞特性试验研究

为解决设计不当或管理不善等原因造成的湿地堵塞问题,深入揭示湿地堵塞特性及形成机制,试验研究了芦苇潜流型水平流湿地和垂直流湿地的堵塞特性,并以此比较了2种湿地长期运行的稳定性.结果表明,湿地堵塞后土壤中有机质积累量较大,在湿地中各测量点达到了1.5%～5%,其主要积累区域在湿地前部表层,积累量为4%～5%,对有机物积累量与土壤深度进行数值分析发现,两者之间呈显著函数关系;水平流湿地和垂直流湿地内部堵塞机制不同,故堵塞后水平流湿地水力停留时间为3.515 4 d,较正常值缩短21.88%,而堵塞垂直流湿地水力停留时间为5.464 8 d,较正常值增长21.44%.湿地堵塞后污染物去除效率明显降低,波动较大,2种湿地比较发现,垂直流湿地的堵塞情况较水平流湿地更为严重.     

潜流型人工湿地堵塞机制及其模型化

从物理、化学、生物三个方面分析了人工湿地堵塞的机理,指出湿地堵塞的过程实质上就是有效孔隙率减少的过程,湿地的堵塞与否,堵塞的程度如何,可由其饱和水力传导系数来表征。对几个与人工湿地堵塞有关的数学模型作了介绍和分析,并探讨了一些预防人工湿地堵塞的措施以及其未来的研究方向。     

表征微滤膜过滤性能的膜堵塞模型演变及其新模型理念

为探究膜过滤过程中污染物迁移/沉积规律,推出一组符合实际过滤过程的数学模型,通过整合已有数学模型并分析其各自和共同的局限性,结合各类已有研究方法建立思路提出“非稳态膜堵塞模型拟合试验方法”理念,旨在深入剖析膜过滤过程中不同时间污染物在膜组件内部不同空间的分布状态,实现膜过滤过程及膜堵塞机理的全过程连续性研究,从而更加有针对性地解决膜组件内部不同截留层上污染物沉积问题,与此同时,提出模型优化技术为模型建立及精细化提供理论依据。