人工增雨对西北地区的减灾作用

概述了我国西北五省(自治区)现有开展人工影响天气的规模、作业特点、人工增雨减灾效果、催化方法和飞机播撒技术。对西北地区人工增雨作业的效益进行了分折,并针对各地区的人工增雨作业提出了建议。事实证明:人工影响天气作业是西北地区气象灾害减灾、促进农牧业发展、改善自然生态环境的一项具有潜力的措施。     

微生物促进剂在处理采油污水中的应用

微生物促进剂(VB591和BiNutrix-ww)可不断释放营养素,以保证微生物的健康生长,有助于加快微生物矿物化过程,促进有机污染物分解,达到水体净化的目的。在采集的油田废水中分别投加这两种微生物促进剂,与参照对比水样按相同条件进行了曝气处理。试验结果表明,微生物促进剂能使废水中COD和石油类的去除率大大提高,处理时间也大大缩短。     

双层委托——代理关系下环境管理的激励机制设计

在环境管理中,公众、环境管理者和排污企业3个主体形成了双层委托—代理关系,导致合谋寻租的现象发生,进而造成环境管理的低效率。通过建立环境管理中合谋寻租的博弈模型,找到影响各主体收益的因素,得出提高对政府部门和企业排污的惩罚系数、降低公众监督环境管理部门的成本、提高其监督的成功率可以降低环境管理者与企业合谋寻租概率的结论,并提出在具体实践中要公开环境信息、畅通公众监督渠道和加强对政府监管失职的惩罚力度。     

Utilization of winery wastes for Trichoderma viride biocontrol agent production by solid state fermentation

Biocontrol agents are safe and environmental friendly alternatives for pesticides in agriculture application. Trichoderma viride WEBL0703 performed a high level of antagonistic activity toward a broad spectrum of phytopathogens and was determined as a biocontrol agent, which was produced by solid state fermentation using grape marc and wine lees. The maximum yield of T. viride conidia was up to 6.65 × 10^9 CFU/g initial dry substrate （IDS） after 10 d fermentation. As important enzymes for protecting plants from disease, chitinase, β-glucanase, and pectinase yields were 47.8 U/g IDS, 8.32 U/g IDS and 9.83 U/g IDS, respectively. These results show that it is feasible to convert winery wastes to a value-added and environmental friendly biocontrol agent.     

DCCH型澄清池的性能试验研究

文章通过现场试验和分析分别考察了混凝剂加药量,活性泥渣浓度,助凝剂,澄清池进水流量和机械搅拌力度因素对DCCH型澄清池出水残余浊度的影响。试验表明增加混凝剂加药量可改善出水水质,但药量过量会使残余浊度上升;在一定范围内增加反应区活性泥渣沉降比澄清池残余浊度降低,且残余浊度与活性泥渣浓度符合一级反应动力学规律;助凝剂可改善絮体结构使残余浊度降低,但从经济环保角度出发应尽量减少使用量;增加进水流量使残余浊度上升,上升幅度主要取决于澄清池形成絮体的结构;适当增加机械搅拌力度能有效的降低澄清池残余浊度。     

模糊数学在水质评价中的应用

由于水体质量的综合评价存在着一定的模糊性,因此,水环境质量评价可以引用模糊评价法。本文采用此种方法对锦州市小凌河环境质量进行了模糊综合评价。结果表明,小凌河有不同程度的污染。结论符合实际情况,说明模糊综合评价法具有一定的合理性和可靠性。     

基于磁场理论的矿岩加载损伤破坏表征研究

充填体与围岩的相互力学作用,除了接触带表壁附近可以通过贴置电阻应变片的方式进行应变值测量外,接触面及接触带附近的损伤破坏情况不易监测。基于此,应用磁场理论,将磁粉加入到配比试样中,充磁之后进行加载试验。通过特斯拉计测量试样表壁在加载过程中的磁感应强度变化,建立由表及里的损伤破坏联系规律。试验结果表明:加了磁粉的配比试样,在加载过程中各监测点处的磁感应强度值变化明显,特别是在内部裂纹扩展至临空面处的磁感应强度几乎减小至0.2 mT以下;而试样在加载过程中,各监测点的磁感应强度值随着压密破坏而变化;在未破坏时,不同区域有较一致的随试样内部压密相应磁感应强度增大的变化规律,而在试样加载破坏后,不同监测点磁感应强度变化起伏较大。     

新型气体灭火剂对飞机用橡胶材料的腐蚀性能研究

为研究氢氟烯烃(HFOs)与氢氟氯烯烃(HCFOs)灭火剂对于飞机用橡胶密封材料的腐蚀性,通过实验研究6种新型气体灭火剂(R1234yf,R1234ze,R1234ze-E,R1233xf,R1233zd,R1336mzz-E),对目前飞机用4种橡胶O型圈(硅橡胶VMQ,氟橡胶FKM,氟硅橡胶FVMQ和丁腈橡胶NBR)...     

铁镁质尾矿中的钙镁浸取效果优化

铁镁质尾矿含有丰富的钙镁,利用浸取剂可以促进铁镁质尾矿中钙镁的释放,使这些尾矿成为固定CO2的材料。尾矿中钙镁的浸出率大小跟多个因素相关,如何寻求浸取钙镁的最优化条件,是有效利用铁镁质尾矿的重要内容。考虑环境友好的方案,采用EDTA、柠檬酸和柠檬酸钠浸取尾矿中的钙镁,并对比了不同条件下的浸取效果。通过比较,显示柠檬酸钠的浸取效果较好,在此基础上利用响应面法对粒度、pH值、固液比等主要影响因子进行优化处理。当反应液的pH=1,尾矿粒度<75μm,固液比为2.6∶100时,模型预测实验尾矿淋滤的Mg2+浓度为143.4 mg/L,Mg达到最佳溶出率2.03%。实验模型的预测精度良好,表明响应面法适用于尾矿的浸取实验优化。     

Impacts of Human Behavioral Heterogeneity on the Benefits of Probabilistic Flood Warnings: An Agent‐Based Modeling Framework

Flood forecasts and warnings are intended to reduce flood‐related property damages and loss of human life. Considerable research has improved flood forecasting accuracy (e.g., more accurate prediction of the occurrence of flood events) and lead time. However, the delivery of improved forecast information alone is not necessarily sufficient to reduce flood damage and loss of life, as people have varying responses and reactions to flood warnings. This study develops an agent‐based modeling framework that evaluates the impacts of heterogeneity in human behaviors (i.e., variation in behaviors in response to flood warnings), as well as residential density, on the benefits of flood warnings. The framework is coupled with a traffic model to simulate evacuation processes within a road network under various flood warning scenarios. The results show the marginal benefit associated with providing better flood warnings is significantly constrained if people behave in a more risk‐tolerant manner, especially in high‐density residential areas. The results also show significant impacts of human behavioral heterogeneity on the benefits of flood warnings, and thus stress the importance of considering human behavioral heterogeneity in simulating flood warning‐response systems. Further study is suggested to more accurately model human responses and behavioral heterogeneity, as well as to include more attributes of residential areas to estimate and improve the benefits of flood warnings.