SEWAGE DISCHARGES FROM SHIPS TRANSITING COASTAL SALT WATERS1

ABSTRACT: A number of aspects of the discharging of non-oily wastewaters by transiting ships are treated in this overview paper. In the introduction, options to discharging (the use of holding tank, on board treatment) and the impact of changing regulations are discussed. Assessment of the effects of sewage discharges on coastal waters required that data, at first not available, be generated. An account is given of the characterization of Navy shipboard wastewaters and of experiments involving sewage discharges at sea, measurements of water quality before, during and after an amphibious operation, and fore and aft of transitting Navy ships. A better understanding of sewage dilution after discharge led to the verification of a method for controlled discharging of sewage (and other wastewaters). This method permits limiting the coliform bacteria count in the ship's wake to values below acceptable limits. The final sections contain information on long range effects of ships’sewage discharges, obtained in studies by the U.S. Navy and others, as well as public health considerations.     

爱尔兰海岸夏季空气颗粒物水溶性离子粒径分布研究

研究了爱尔兰西海岸国际海洋大气研究站夏季（2002年8月12～22日）大西洋气团颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的含量与其粒径关系.海盐成分（Cl^-、SO4^2-、Na^＋、Ca2＋、Mg^2＋、K^＋）含量在粗颗粒物中随粒径呈双峰分布（0.8～30 μm）,但Ca^2＋和K＋受陆域源影响,在亚微米颗粒区间出现另一分布峰（0.1～0.8 μm）.二次颗粒物成分在所有颗粒物中均有检出;NO^3-呈广域宽带分布,其中大部分出现在海盐主峰区（0.8～8 μm,存在Dp 1.4 μm和Dp 4.4 μm两种模态）;nss-SO4^2-（非海盐硫酸根）和NH^4＋呈相关三峰分布（Dp 0.44 μm、Dp 1.4 μm和Dp 4.4 μm）,CH3SO3-也呈相似三峰分布（Dp 0.44 μm、Dp 1.4 μm和Dp 8 μm）,三者在亚微米颗粒区间同位出现主峰.二次颗粒物成分Dp 1.4 μm模态在海岸空气颗粒物研究文献中尚少见报道.讨论了亚微米区间二次颗粒物盐类的化学形态.TSP中nss-SO4^2-、NO^3-、NH^4＋和CH3SO^3-的日均浓度分别为0.279、0.171、0.158和0.041 μg/m^3.     

Minimizing the Cost of Keeping Options Open for Conservation in a Changing Climate

Policy documents advocate that managers should keep their options open while planning to protect coastal ecosystems from climate‐change impacts. However, the actual costs and benefits of maintaining flexibility remain largely unexplored, and alternative approaches for decision making under uncertainty may lead to better joint outcomes for conservation and other societal goals. For example, keeping options open for coastal ecosystems incurs opportunity costs for developers. We devised a decision framework that integrates these costs and benefits with probabilistic forecasts for the extent of sea‐level rise to find a balance between coastal ecosystem protection and moderate coastal development. Here, we suggest that instead of keeping their options open managers should incorporate uncertain sea‐level rise predictions into a decision‐making framework that evaluates the benefits and costs of conservation and development. In our example, based on plausible scenarios for sea‐level rise and assuming a risk‐neutral decision maker, we found that substantial development could be accommodated with negligible loss of environmental assets. Characterization of the Pareto efficiency of conservation and development outcomes provides valuable insight into the intensity of trade‐offs between development and conservation. However, additional work is required to improve understanding of the consequences of alternative spatial plans and the value judgments and risk preferences of decision makers and stakeholders. Minimizando el Costo de Mantener Opciones Abiertas para la Conservación en un Clima Cambiante     

Sea otters,social justice,and ecosystem‐service perceptions in Clayoquot Sound,Canada

We sought to take a first step toward better integration of social concerns into empirical ecosystem service (ES) work. We did this by adapting cognitive anthropological techniques to study the Clayoquot Sound social‐ecological system on the Pacific coast of Canada's Vancouver Island. We used freelisting and ranking exercises to elicit how locals perceive ESs and to determine locals’ preferred food species. We analyzed these data with the freelist‐analysis software package ANTHROPAC. We considered the results in light of an ongoing trophic cascade caused by the government reintroduction of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and their spread along the island's Pacific coast. We interviewed 67 local residents (n = 29 females, n = 38 males; n = 26 self‐identified First Nation individuals, and n = 41 non‐First Nation individuals) and 4 government managers responsible for conservation policy in the region. We found that the mental categories participants—including trained ecologists—used to think about ESs, did not match the standard academic ES typology. With reference to the latest ecological model projections for the region, we found that First Nations individuals and women were most likely to perceive the most immediate ES losses from the trophic cascade, with the most certainty. The inverse was found for men and non‐First Nations individuals, generally. This suggests that 2 historically disadvantaged groups (i.e., First Nations and women) are poised to experience the immediate impacts of the government‐initiated trophic cascade as yet another social injustice in a long line of perceived inequities. Left unaddressed, this could complicate efforts at multistakeholder ecosystem management in the region.     

Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean Planning

Coastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well‐established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation‐oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social–ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision‐support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem‐based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes. La Práctica Actual y los Prospectos Futuros para los Datos Sociales en la Planeación Costera y Oceánica     

半月周期的潮汐对滨海湿地土壤理化性质的影响

周期性的潮汐是滨海湿地重要的水文特征,为了探讨潮汐的半月周期(包括小潮期和大潮期)对土壤理化性质的影响及可能的机制,于2009年7月中下旬测定了长江口崇明东滩湿地土壤理化性质在小潮期和大潮期交替周期内的变化规律。结果表明,与小潮期相比,由于频繁的潮水淹没,大潮期0～5 cm土壤含水量的增加量从低潮滩向高潮位依次为:44.8%、18.5%、10.9%和14.3%,5～10 cm含水量的增加量从低潮滩向高潮位依次为:19.2%、9.8%、12.6%和16.2%,10～20 cm则依次为:5.6%、6.1%、2.5%和7.3%。大潮期,从低潮滩向高潮滩增加的盐度依次为0.18、0.13、0.10和0.09 ms·cm^-1,增加的硫酸盐依次为0.32、0.21、0.16、0.13 mg·g^-1。与小潮期相比,大潮期氧化还原电位(Eh)显著降低;土壤容重、pH、可溶性有机碳和可溶性氮在大小潮期间无明显差异。此外,在潮汐的半月周期内,低潮滩土壤比高潮滩有更高淹水频率和更长淹水时间,受潮水的影响更明显,大潮期低潮滩土壤含水量、盐度和硫酸盐的增加幅度大于高潮滩,低潮滩土壤Eh降低幅度则小于高潮滩。半月周期的潮汐可以显著影响滨海湿地的部分土壤理化性质,且不同潮位的土壤性质对潮汐的响应程度不同,进而可能会对湿地植物生长和相关生态过程起到重要的调控作用。     

典型工业沿海区域的大气环境腐蚀性评价

目的 利用现役金属材料对工业沿海区域所处不同大气环境进行环境腐蚀性评价,并研究不同金属材料的腐蚀行为差异性,探讨工业沿海大气环境下金属材料的耐蚀性选择。方法 在不同大气环境下,选择现役金属材料Q235、16MnNi和L415开展1 a的户外曝晒试验,并利用质量损失分析、扫描电镜等手段,通过对金属基材进行腐蚀机理研究,评价大气环境的腐蚀性。结果 Q235、16MnNi和L415等3种钢在不同区域沿海工业大气环境下的腐蚀行为受大气腐蚀环境的影响较大,腐蚀产物中含有一定量的Cl和S。同种金属材料表面锈层的特殊结构,使得其基体与大气环境中的腐蚀因子相接触,引发了金属材料在不同大气腐蚀环境中不同腐蚀行为的差异性。结论 工业沿海区域的大气环境中,大气腐蚀性差异由酸循环腐蚀机制形成。3种钢材在腐蚀初期,由于锈层多孔隙结构和可溶性腐蚀产物形成,加重了腐蚀程度。黄岛区域、曹妃甸区域、岚山区域和湛江区域的大气腐蚀等级分别为C2、C3、C2、C3级。     

大亚湾湿地沉积物氮矿化特征及影响因素探究

为探讨大亚湾滨海湿地沉积物中有机氮矿化作用的时空分布规律及其影响因素,于2017年3月（枯水期）和8月（丰水期）分别采集了大亚湾典型湿地3个断面的表层沉积物,利用连续淹水培养法对沉积物有机氮矿化过程进行了测定.结果发现,不同站位沉积物氮的矿化速率差异较大,其矿化速率范围为1.88~15.12mg/（kg·d）,平均速率为（6.45±3.47）mg/（kg·d）,整体呈现S3（红树林断面）> S1（光滩断面）> S2（河口断面）的分布规律.矿化速率的最高值出现在S3红树林断面,表明红树植物的生长能够促进微生物的矿化作用.蛋白酶和脲酶的活性平均值分别为（8.52±4.21）mg/（kg·d）和（25.34±11.11）μg/（g·d）,蛋白酶活性空间分布上与矿化速率的分布特征一致,表现为S3 > S1 > S2.蛋白酶和脲酶活性最高的区域均出现在S3断面的高潮带,这主要由于红树林影响地区具有较高的生产力和微生物丰度,促进了微生物代谢酶的产生.蛋白酶的活性远高于脲酶活性,表明人类活动对近岸湿地生态系统的物质输入可能主要以大分子类有机氮为主.在河口断面,矿化速率和酶活活性均较低,与该地区较高的NH₄⁺-N含量有关.整体上,湿地沉积物矿化速率与蛋白酶和脲酶之间呈现出显著的正相关性（P<0.01）,说明蛋白酶和脲酶在有机氮的矿化过程中发挥了关键作用.     

渤海湾典型闸控入海河流水体N2O释放研究

为探究弱水动力条件下, 典型滨海地区水体N₂O释放通量及其主控因素, 于2019年7月和8月(夏季)和11月(冬季初期)对以大清河-独流减河-北大港湿地为代表的渤海湾弱水动力条件河流开展水样采集与分析工作.结果表明: N₂O浓度变化范围为0.4~184.5nmol/L, N₂O饱和度的变化范围为7.2%~2740%, 其中近90%的样品处于过饱和状态, 表明该研究区是潜在的N₂O释放源.N₂O水-气界面释放通量为-0.3~6.7μmol/(m²·h), 夏季水体N₂O的释放通量高于冬季.降雨前后N₂O浓度出现明显波动, 相同点位降雨前后N₂O浓度的变化值为-15.2~63.9nmol/L, 独流减河上游农业区N₂O浓度的平均增加量(22.1nmol/L)显著高于下游(1.3nmol/L), 降雨驱动了流域氮素的运移, 促进了水体N₂O释放.相关性分析表明, 水体N₂O的浓度受反应物浓度、水体盐度共同调控.通过计算得到该滨海地区弱水动力条件下河流N₂O的排放因子为0.0073, 表明气候变化委员会(IPCC)默认值0.0026可能低估了该地区间接N₂O释放.     

盛行梯度风下热力环流对近地空气质量的影响研究

以中纬度沿海城市上海为代表,采用数值模拟方法,分析了海岸线附近污染源排放的大气污染物在盛行梯度风和热力环流耦合作用下的扩散和输送特征,并与忽略海陆温差的理想情况作了对比.结果表明,即使在盛行梯度风主导城市风场时,海陆温差引起的热力环流对海岸线附近流场仍有重要影响,并使近地面污染物浓度时空分布与海陆无温差时截然不同.海陆无温差时,污染物仅向盛行梯度风的下风向区域扩散.而在海陆有温差时,污染物的扩散却可能是双向的.陆地最高和最低气温出现的时间分别对应着沿海城市污染物最不利释放时段(RTS-16:00和RTS-04:00),造成的污染总时长和日平均浓度均最大,不仅部分近地面污染物被海陆热力环流携带至盛行梯度风的上风向区域,并且下风向区域的日平均浓度最高达海陆无温差时的4~5倍.因此,即使在盛行梯度风较强时忽略海陆温差形成的热力环流影响,也会明显低估非海陆风日的实际污染强度和污染范围.