Towards a common Mediterranean framework for beach nourishment projects

Integrated Coastal Zone Management as a strategy for achieving conservation and sustainable multiple use of the coastal zone includes various types of management initiatives. Due to natural phenomena such as tides and winds and to social and economic activities, coastal areas undergo transformation. Coastal erosion and the disappearance of beaches as a result of wrong planning decisions and lack of effective legislation are among the most damaging effects and to reverse them requires application of a series of engineering techniques. Beach nourishment projects as a way towards shore protection and utilization through recreational purposes in the Spanish and Italian coasts are noteworthy in this respect. In beach nourishment projects, the roles of various entities, both public and private, should be clearly indicated and in the evaluation and execution stage a series of questions should be answered for the successful completion of any nourishment project. Past projects in the Mediterranean and experiences from recent Italian projects in Anzio and Nettuno confirm this. For example, dredging of the entrance channel of the port of Anzio enabled middle-sized ferryboats once again to enter the port (which had not been possible before). This will in turn increase the tourism potential of the town. Nourishment of two beaches at these sites prevented further erosion and provided more area for recreational purposes. Expected economic contribution of beach nourishments to the regional authority was estimated for Nettuno and Anzio; the resulting theoretical payback period was found to be 3 yr for the former and 15 yr for the latter.     

The Estuarine Component of the Us E.P.A.'S Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

The US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development has initiated the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to monitor status and trends in the condition of the nation's near coastal waters, forests, wetlands, agro-ecosystems, surface waters, deserts and rangelands. the programme is also intended to evaluate the effectiveness of Agency policies at protecting ecological resources occurring in these systems. Monitoring data collected for all ecosystems will be integrated for regional and national status and trends assessments. the near coastal component of EMAP consists of estuaries, coastal waters, and the Great Lakes. Near coastal ecosystems have been regionalized and classified, and an integrated sampling strategy has been developed. EPA and NOAA have agreed to coordinate and, to the extent possible, integrate the near coastal component of EMAP with the NOAA National Status and Trends Program. A demonstration project was conducted in estuaries of the mid-Atlantic region (Chesapeake Bay to Cape Cod) in the summer of 1990. in 1991, monitoring continued in mid-Atlantic estuaries and was initiated in estuaries of a portion of the Gulf of Mexico. Preliminary results indicate: there are no insurmountable logistical problems with sampling on a regional scale; several of the selected indicators are practical and sensitive on the regional scale; and an efficient effort in future years will provide valuable information on condition of estuarine resources at regional scales.     

Heavy metals in oysters,mussels and clams collected from coastal sites along the Pearl River Delta,South China

Concentrations of 8 heavy metals:cadmium(Cd),copper (Cu),zinc(Zn),lead(Pb),nickel(Ni),chromium (Cr),antimony (Sb) and tin(Sn)were examined in 3 species of bivalves (Perna viridis,Crassostrea rivularis and Ruditapes philippinarum)collected from 25 sites along the Pearl River Delta coastal waters in the South China Sea from July to August 1996.In general,Cd,Cu,Zn and Sn concentrations in the three bivalve species collected from the Estuarine Zone were significantly higher than those collected from the Western and Eastern Zones of the Pearl River Delta,which are related to the existence of various anthropogenic activities in the catchment of the Pearl River Delta.The Western Estuarine Zone is mainly impacted by Cr,Ni and Cu contamination.In Victoria Harbor,heavy metal contamination is mainly due to Cu and Pb.Cd,Cu and Zn concentrations in oysters were significantly higher than those in mussels and clams.This could be explained by the fact that oysters live mainly in the Estuarine Zone of the Pearl River Delta which receives most of the polluting discharges from the catchment of the Delta.During turbid condition,heavy metals(soluble or adsorbed on suspended particulates)discharged from the Delta are filtered from the water column and subsequently accumulated into the soft body tissues of oysters.Heavy metal concentrations in the three bivalve species were compared with the maximum permissible levels of heavy metals in seafood regulated by the Public Health and Municipal Services Ordinance,Laws of Hong Kong, and it was revealed that Cd and Cr concentrations in the three bivalve species exceeded the upper limits.At certain hotspots in the Delta, the maximum acceptable daily load for Cd was also exceeded.     

京津冀适水型工业结构调整研究

京津冀地区是我国工业发展的核心区域之一 ,大耗水型的重化工结构突出 ,长期发展造成了地区水资源供需的尖锐矛盾 ,并导致了严重的区域环境问题。论文提出了以水资源高效利用为引导机制 ,调整工业结构,建立适水型工业体系是此地区工业发展的必然选择的观点 ;阐述了优化城市工业结构,发展清洁生产,建立滨海产业的建议与措施     

长乐—南澳构造带的变形—变质作用

长乐—南澳构造带在中生代时期经历了多幕构造变形和多期变质作用。它们分别是:高角闪岩相变质作用—第一幕变形;低角闪岩相变质作用—第二幕变形;绿片岩相变质作用—第三幕变形。每一幕变形和每期变质作用均有各自的构造形迹和典型矿物共生组合。     

沿海水环境决策支持系统的研制与应用

从沿海ＷＥＤＳＳ的系统目标和要求着手，提出并论述了沿海ＷＥＤＳＳ的系统结构设计，并在此基础上建立了沿海ＷＥＤＳＳ，从而使ＧＩＳ，环境信息，预测模型和决策支持合为一体，最后介绍了该系统在大亚湾开发区环评中的应用。     

近海水域三维水动力学和水质的精细模型研究

本文把研究近海水域水质污染与控制的三维精细预报系统作为目标。在分析近海环境中各种物理、化学和生物现象的基础上 ,针对近海水域水污染的特点 ,选定一个包含有二十多个状态变量及其相互作用的三维非线性系统作为研究和模拟对象 ,建立了一个统一考虑物理、化学和生物等过程综合作用的近海水域三维水动力学和水质的精细模型 ,并成功地应用于日本博多湾的水质模拟。     

山东海滨城市主要海洋地质灾害述评与减防灾措施探讨

海滨城市的海洋地质灾害可分为两大类型：其一是由纯内外自然地质作用造成的危及城乡安全的灾害，如地震、断裂活动、海岸侵蚀、风暴潮；其二是人为活动与自然地质作用相互影响形成的灾害，如过量开采地下水和滥伐森林等引起的地面沉降、海水入侵与倒灌、不合理的海岸工程布局引起的海岸流场变化导致的岸线突变。本文目的在于探讨山东沿海这些灾害类型的分布与成因，进而提出减少或防止这些灾害危害的措施。     

Chlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the baltic herrinj and sprat of estonian coastal waters

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: The concentration of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in many fish from the Baltic requires monitoring, since it approaches or exceeds the European Union threshold limit value of 4 pg TEQ/g wet weight of fish for human consumption. The concentrations, expressed in TEQs, are important for toxicology and regulations, but hide the concentrations of the individual congeners, which are important for other environmental sciences, source allocation, and for the detection of measurement errors. This report evaluates the results of a survey reported earlier only in the terms of the TEQ concentrations. METHODS: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the data (17 = 7 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and 10 chlorinated dibenzofuran congeners) to three principal components. This facilitated the interpretation of the congener profiles. Slopes of the congener concentrations as a function of age of the fish were estimated by least squares regression. The results were compared with a large set of data for lake trout from Lake Ontario. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The congener profiles of Baltic herring are less scattered than those of sprat. The profiles of herring from the central Baltic differ from those of herring from the Gulf of Riga and both appear to be affected relatively minimally by the age of the fish. The congener profiles of herring from the western Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the central Baltic, those from middle Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the Gulf of Riga. Both seem to be more affected by age of the fish than the profiles of the first two groups. The concentrations of several pentachloro- and hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans increase with the age of the fish CONCLUSION: PCA is a good technique for the evaluation of the congener profiles. The resulting loading and score plots provide a good graphic summary of the multidimensional data. Additional analyses are needed to confirm the observed profile patterns. A comparison with the results of a long-term monitoring from another area shows that the age of the fish is a more important factor than the year of capture. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The surveys should continue for a number of years and the results should be presented and evaluated both in terms of the TEQs as well as in terms of weight concentrations. Since the concentrations do not appear to change very much from year to year, it would be better to carry out surveys only every 3-4 years and, instead, stratify the sampling according to age and gender of the fish, and to analyze replicate extracts by replicate measurements. The inclusion of unmarked replicate samples would be a good quality assurance measure. It would be desirable to analyze additional parts of the food chain in order to understand the fate of the compounds in the ecosystem.     

LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING: AN APPLICATION IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL ZONE1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to describe a land use and environmental planning model. Map overlays were used for analyzing and aggregating economic, social, and environmental data. Various land use categories were evaluated using a numerical scoring system. These scores were then used to assist in the development of land use regulations in a coastal county in South Carolina.