Optimal Management of a Multispecies Shorebird Flyway under Sea‐Level Rise

Every year, millions of migratory shorebirds fly through the East Asian–Australasian Flyway between their arctic breeding grounds and Australasia. This flyway includes numerous coastal wetlands in Asia and the Pacific that are used as stopover sites where birds rest and feed. Loss of a few important stopover sites through sea‐level rise (SLR) could cause sudden population declines. We formulated and solved mathematically the problem of how to identify the most important stopover sites to minimize losses of bird populations across flyways by conserving land that facilitates upshore shifts of tidal flats in response to SLR. To guide conservation investment that minimizes losses of migratory bird populations during migration, we developed a spatially explicit flyway model coupled with a maximum flow algorithm. Migratory routes of 10 shorebird taxa were modeled in a graph theoretic framework by representing clusters of important wetlands as nodes and the number of birds flying between 2 nodes as edges. We also evaluated several resource allocation algorithms that required only partial information on flyway connectivity (node strategy, based on the impacts of SLR at nodes; habitat strategy, based on habitat change at sites; population strategy, based on population change at sites; and random investment). The resource allocation algorithms based on flyway information performed on average 15% better than simpler allocations based on patterns of habitat loss or local bird counts. The Yellow Sea region stood out as the most important priority for effective conservation of migratory shorebirds, but investment in this area alone will not ensure the persistence of species across the flyway. The spatial distribution of conservation investments differed enormously according to the severity of SLR and whether information about flyway connectivity was used to guide the prioritizations. With the rapid ongoing loss of coastal wetlands globally, our method provides insight into efficient conservation planning for migratory species. Gestión Óptima de una Ruta Migratoria de Múltiples Especies de Aves Costeras Sometida a Incremento del Nivel del Mar     

江苏王港海岸湿地的围垦现状及湿地资源可持续利用

海岸湿地是全球生物生产量最高的生态系统之一,具有极高的资源开发价值和环境调节功能。王港地区是江苏沿海盐沼湿地发育的典型地区之一,随着盐沼湿地围垦的进行,湿地面积减少,环境退化。为了实现盐沼湿地资源的可持续利用,必须改变盐沼湿地开发利用的方式,发展科学的、有利于生态环境健康发展的产业,如开辟科研基地保护区、发展花卉、草坪业、滩涂生态旅游业、建立盐沼林牧复合生态系统、实行盐沼湿地的综合管理等,同时,还要严格执行相关的法律法规。     

International retirement migration in the Alicante region,Spain: process,spatial pattern and environmental impacts

International retirement migration has become an increasing phenomenon in the Mediterranean region of Alicante, Spain. Through an interdisciplinary approach, relationships between the migration process, landscape change and environmental impacts are examined. Lifestyle-related perceptions and demands of UK retirees are studied as a major driving force of urbanisation. The extent and quality of the process is assessed by statistical and land use data analysis. Results reveal a distinctive spatial pattern of in-migration and the emergence of an archetypical landscape, consisting of a mosaic of remaining natural and urbanised landscape along the Mediterranean coast. The paper discusses the necessity of retirees' integration into sustainable planning and decision making.     

基于3S技术的庄河市滨海湿地景观格局演变研究

庄河市位于黄海北部沿海地区,自然海岸线长达285km,拥有丰富的滨海湿地资源,对区域经济的发展具有显著的促进作用.以庄河市2000年和2010年的Landsat TM（或ETM）遥感影像获取研究区的滨海湿地斑块图形数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,对庄河市滨海湿地的景观格局变化进行研究.研究结果表明,2000-2010年,庄河市滨海湿地总面积不断缩减,由2000年的131252.60hm2减少到2010年的121489.16hm2,减少幅度为7.44％;湿地斑块数不断增加,由2000年的3425块增加到2010年的3563块;湿地景观多样性指数（H）和景观形状指数（LSI）呈增加趋势,分别由2000年的0.6315和14.0分别增加到2010年的0.8554和18.7;景观优势度指数呈下降趋势,由2000年的0.8359下降到2010年的0.7364,表明庄河市滨海湿地的景观破碎化程度越来越严重.     

THE NEED FOR HIGH RESOLUTION TIME SERIES DATA TO CHARACTERIZE HAWAIIAN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Streams in the Hawaiian Islands differ from many streams on the U.S. mainland presenting unique challenges to investigators attempting to characterize Hawaiian streams. Hawaiian streams are short; watersheds are small and steep; and rain events are usually short in duration but intense. As a result, most streams in Hawai'i are flashy. Time scales for storm hydrographs in Hawai'i are on the order of hours instead of days and flash flooding is a common hazard. To characterize the streams we were investigating, we found it necessary to obtain streamflow and water quality measurements at relatively short time intervals. While this resolution resulted in large sometimes onerous quantities of data, we would have otherwise missed certain phenomena, such as 60‐fold flow changes in 15 minutes or 30‐fold turbidity changes in five minutes. Even at five‐minute intervals, we found that attempts to predict TSS using a relationship obtained from in situ turbidity were not always satisfactory. Depending on the precision required, either higher resolution measurements or in vitro turbidity measurements of the TSS samples might be necessary. Finally, these high resolution measurements enabled us to observe other cyclical events that might have been missed if the measurement intervals were greater than one hour.     

盐城滨海湿地春季温室气体通量及影响因素

通过在盐城滨海湿地进行植被调查、气体以及表层沉积物样品的采集与分析,探讨温室气体通量与植被状况、表层沉积物理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:不同植被覆盖下的滨海湿地,温室气体通量表现各异,其中CO2在滨海湿地5月份表现为碳源,且有植被覆盖的互花米草滩和芦苇滩的CO2排放通量明显大于无植被覆盖的光滩,盐蒿滩植被的盖度和密度较低,故排放也较低,光滩、互花米草滩、盐蒿滩以及芦苇滩CO2通量分别为26.99、865.2、100.87和1 942.03 mg(/m2.h);CH4在光滩,互花米草滩,盐蒿滩上则为弱汇,在芦苇滩为弱源,通量值分别为-0.13、-0.14、-0.02和0.55 mg(/m2.h);光滩和芦苇滩是N2O吸收汇,为-12.29,-56.83μg(/m2.h),互花米草滩和盐蒿滩为源,为18.56,25.64μg(/m2.h)。表层沉积物理化性质存在显著的空间差异:其中粒径与容重均是光滩最大,互花米草滩最小,盐蒿滩、芦苇滩居中;TN、TOC、微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N均是光滩最小,互花米草滩最大,盐蒿和芦苇居中;C/N为互花米草滩和芦苇滩较大,而光滩和盐蒿滩则较小。全盐分布表现为互花米草滩>盐蒿滩>光滩>芦苇滩。pH表现为:芦苇>光滩>盐蒿滩>互花米草滩。通过相关分析,回归分析以及主成分分析,得出CO2和CH4通量与箱温、10²0 cm沉积物温度以及pH呈显著相关,而N2O则主要与pH、全盐、容重、微生物生物量N的相关性较大。     

Seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the Kaohsiung coast

Thirty-three air samples were collected by high-volume samplers from May 2007 to June 2008 in the coastal area of southwest Taiwan and analyzed for total suspended particulates (TSP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of TSP and total PAHs ranged from 40.4 to 251 μg m(-3) and 1.86-56.4 ng m(-3), respectively. Except for joss paper burning during the religious celebration of Ghost Month, which resulted in the highest concentration of PAHs in the summer of 2007, a seasonal variation in total PAH concentration was observed over this study period, with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Because of the geographical and climatic characteristics of the sampling site, monsoon activities modulate the seasonal variations of PAHs. Diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs in the atmosphere of the Kaohsiung coastal area arose predominantly from vehicle emissions (mainly from diesel exhaust), joss paper burning, and coal/wood combustion. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the sampling days could be divided into three groups and that the major source identification of PAHs was the same as the identification by diagnostic ratios. In addition, the results of HCA and PCA suggest that the samples collected with a prevailing northerly or northeasterly wind direction contain both local emissions and those from neighboring sources. On the other hand, the cases related to westerly or northwesterly winds indicated that local emission was the major source for the sampling site.     

基于资源环境承载力的渤海滨海城市产业结构综合评价

以经济效益、资源产出力、资源环境承载力相协调为目标,在多层次评价指标体系下,引入产业结构综合评价坐标系统(CECS,comprehensive evaluating coordinate system),对基于资源环境承载力的产业结构进行定性和定量相结合的描述分析,在分析产业结构构成时综合运用统计学方法和威孚-托马斯逼...     

Assessment of a model of pollution disaster in near-shore coastal waters based on catastrophe theory

In this study, a model for assessing of environmental disasters in near-shore areas was developed using a multi-criteria evaluation method of catastrophe theory. The assessment model involved scenarios of eutrophication, pollution with heavy metals and organic compounds. An evaluation system of the model was composed of seven mesosphere indicators and twenty underlying indicators including water chemistry, water physics, water biology, heavy metals and organic pollutants in water and surface sediments. The model was applied to possibility assessment of environmental disasters in different functional regions of the Dalian Bay in 2001 and 2006. Results showed that the environmental disaster indicators in 2001 were equivalent to the Level 4 standard values of marine functional areas, but the eutrophication disaster indicators were lower than the Level 4 standard values. It is consistent with the occurrence of a large-scale red tide in Dalian Bay in 2001. In 2006, eutrophication remained the dominant problem of the region but organic pollutants, such as oil, were reduced remarkably. This coincided with ongoing local environmental-friendly practices for industries.     

不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝金属元素含量及其再吸收率动态

对福建东山赤山林场不同海岸梯度上短枝木麻黄小枝中的钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、钠(Na)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)元素含量及其再吸收率动态进行了研究.结果表明,海岸梯度对短枝木麻黄小枝中各元素含量及其再吸收率均具有显著影响.在各海岸梯度上,K再吸收率为正值,且基干林带的再吸收率显著低于其它样地,Fe和Zn为负值,Ca、Mg和Na再吸收率在防护林带前沿为负值,而在后沿林为正值,Mn则相反.这表明,基干林带严重的环境胁迫显著降低了短枝木麻黄小枝的养分再吸收率.短枝木麻黄成熟小枝中的K、Mg含量与其再吸收率存在显著正相关,而Na和Fe与其再吸收率存在显著负相关,其它元素与其再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.除K外,各元素在衰老小枝中的含量与相应元素再吸收率之间均存在显著负相关,表明元素再吸收程度越高,其再吸收率就越高.Ca、Mg、Na和Fe再吸收率之间具有显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),Zn除与Mn再吸收率呈显著正相关外,与其它元素均表现为负相关,Mn则与其它元素再吸收率之间没有显著相关性.因而短枝木麻黄小枝中不同类型的养分状况对其再吸收率具有不同的影响.表5参42