我国湿热沿海风电机组服役环境条件研究

目的为我国湿热沿海风电设备的设计、制造、运行维护及标准制定提供参考依据。方法通过对湿热沿海风电机组服役环境条件的监测,包括风电机组运行环境温湿度数据、腐蚀数据等,分析湿热沿海地区主要环境因素对风电机组的影响。结果针对我国湿热沿海环境条件提出了关键设备和材料的环境技术要求及试验方法。结论对风电机组面临的环境问题提出相应的改进措施及建议。     

崇明东滩湿地植被类型和沉积特征对土壤碳、氮分布的影响

滨海湿地碳、氮储量的分布可能受盐沼植被和外源沉积物的综合影响.本文以长江口典型滨海湿地为研究对象,分别在崇明东滩湿地北部、中部和南部设置3条样线,根据外源沉积物的区域特征研究了3种主要盐沼植被(芦苇(Phragmites australis)、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)、海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter))和土壤中的有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的季节变化及空间特征.结果显示,崇明东滩湿地北、中部为淤积型滩涂,南部呈侵蚀态势.盐沼植被中芦苇和互花米草生物量TOC、TN累积量均显著高于海三棱藨草带.北、中样线的相同植被类型中的土壤TOC、TN显著高于南样线.高潮滩的芦苇带土壤TOC储量高于中潮滩的互花米草带,而互花米草带土壤TN储量略高于芦苇带,海三棱藨草带和光滩土壤TOC、TN储量最低.盐沼植被类型显著影响土壤各层次TOC和TN储量的分布,其中,0~10 cm层次储量受植被类型和表层外源沉积物空间特征的交互作用影响.     

Place attachment as a driver of adaptation in coastal communities in Northern Norway

Changes in a range of interlinked factors, in social, economic, environmental and climatic conditions, require adaptation in many communities. This paper explores how place attachment affects adaptive responses to a changing social context through analysing adaptation in two coastal municipalities in Northern Norway. The main challenge in these municipalities is declining populations and the consequences accompanying this trend, including livelihood uncertainties and decreased provision of public services. This paper discusses the role of place attachment in motivating adaptation to these changes to contribute to a growing body of literature within climate change adaptation on “subjective” (values, culture and place) dimensions. The findings suggest that people are motivated to act based on their emotional connection with place, and the paper argues that place attachment may offer a better starting point for climate change adaptation than an emphasis on climate change impacts.     

翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的海岸带修复的初步研究

研究了翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的天津渤海湾河口海岸带的修复效果.通过野外种植翅碱蓬试验,监测土壤中石油烃的质量比发现,翅碱蓬能使盐碱土壤中的石油烃质量比下降,种植翅碱蓬的盐碱土壤中的石油烃降解率比无翅碱蓬对照的盐碱土壤中的石油烃降解率高21.7%～37.9%.翅碱蓬生长情况良好,试验区植被得到恢复,覆盖率达到60%以上.结果表明,翅碱蓬对石油烃污染的盐碱土壤具有一定修复作用.     

黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地植物-土壤系统有机碳空间分布特征

了解黄河三角洲滨海湿地有机碳状况是开展我国典型砂质和淤泥型海滩湿地生物地球化学过程及湿地生态修复研究的基础,通过对黄河三角洲自然保护区新生滨海湿地植物-土壤系统有机碳的空间分布特征及其影响因子的研究表明,不同类型湿地植物碳含量差异性不大,而植物碳密度变化幅度较大,且其空间变化趋势与植物生物量空间分布格局相似,均呈M型.表层土壤有机碳含量范围在0.75～8.35 g·kg-1之间,明显低于淡水沼泽湿地生态系统, 土壤有机碳密度分布趋势与土壤有机碳含量基本一致.相关分析表明,pH值与土壤有机碳密度呈负相关,土壤TN、C/N、含盐量与土壤有机碳密度呈线性正相关性,而土壤有机碳密度、土壤TN、C/N、pH值、含盐量与植物碳密度相关性不显著.     

崇明东滩滨海围垦湿地生长季CO2通量特征

利用涡度相关法,观测了崇明东滩滨海围垦湿地2013年生长季的CO2通量,并分析了CO2通量动态特征及相关环境因子对其的影响。结果表明：该湿地2013年生长季累积净生态系统CO2交换量(NEE)达-1 033257 g/m2,表现为明显的CO2的“汇”。各月NEE平均日动态虽有差异,但均表现为典型的“U”型曲线;各月均表现为吸收CO2,其中7月份月累积NEE值最小,为-274928 g/m2,而9月份最大,为-67440 g/m2;就生态系统呼吸(Reco)占生态系统总第一性生产力(GPP)的比例(Z值)而言,4月份最小,而9月份最大。光合有效辐射(PAR)和日间净生态系统CO2交换量(NEEd)之间符合直角双曲线关系,表观量子效率(α)和最大光合速率(Pmax)分别在6月份和8月份达到最大值;相对于土壤温度(Ts),4 m气温(Ta4)能够更好的解释NEEn和NEEd的变化;各月NEEn与Ta4之间符合极显著指数函数关系;在7和8月份,NEEn与Ta4之间呈现出极显著负相关,即Ta4的升高能够抑制NEEn的增大,而其余月份则为极显著正相关。各月NEEd与Ta4之间均符合极显著二次函数关系,而在4、6以及9月份,NEEd与Ts10及Ts30之间并无显著相关性。就Q10值而言,除了7和8月,其余月份均呈现出Q10(Ta4)<Q10(Ts10)<Q10(Ts30)的规律。土壤体积含水量(SWC)和土壤盐度(Ss)是NEE的重要影响因子,二者与NEEn及NEEd之间均表现为极显著的相关性     

长江口及浙江近岸海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布、来源与风险评价

2013年对长江口及浙江近岸海域62个站位表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了测定.结果表明,16种美国EPA优先控制的PAHs均有检出,PAHs总量水平(干重)为31.8~384μg·kg-1,平均含量为131.1μg·kg-1.其分布受到陆源输入和点源污染的影响,高值区域出现在长江口2号站位和宁波21号站位附近.与国内外其它海区相比,调查海域PAHs总体处于较低污染水平.调查海域沉积物中PAHs以4环、3环为主,来源分析显示PAHs主要来源于木柴、煤炭燃烧.利用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)评价结果显示,调查海域表层沉积物中PAHs处于较低的生态风险水平;按照沉积物质量标准法(SQSs)评价结果表明,调查海域表层沉积物的PAHs污染已经具有一定程度的"显见生态负效应",需要采取相应的措施进行污染控制和削减.     

The Scientific Basis of Marine Pollution Prevention Strategies

Abstract

Prevention of marine pollution, particularly in semi-enclosed seas, embayments and areas with limited exchange of water, requires a well conceived and harmonized legal system, specified standards, a monitoring programme, and effective control and enforcement capabilities. This comprehensive approach is often called a strategy. Three generations of strategies have been devised and applied historically in Europe and North America, each a step further in integrating environmental protection, technical advancement and economic capabilities. the overpowering socio-economic problems of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, a task facing a dozen central and eastern European coastal states, compound the problem of application of an integrated approach.

No management strategy can achieve its set goals unless based on scientific evidence. the data base has to offer information on two basic questions, one specific and one of a general nature.

The specific question is: Has the area under consideration some features, an activity, or one or more living species, which must be protected at any cost? the answer to this question will invoke the precautionary principle into strategic considerations, and leads to the general question: What is the carrying (= assimilative or environmental) capacity for each activity and for the discharge of each contaminant into the impacted area? Answers to these questions lead to the choice of the strategy for environmental management.     

营口沿海产业基地景观水系与污水循环生态耦合

以辽宁（营口）沿海产业基地（以下简称沿海产业基地）为例，作者描述了景观水系与污水循环两个系统相互作用产生的耦合效应。实证了这一效应不但保护了附近海域的水质环境，提高了该区域的景观生态功能，还有效地推进了该地区的城市建设。     

Variability of Water Column Transparency,Volume Flow and Suspended Solids Near San Diego Sewage Outfall (California): 15 Years of Data

The spatial and temporal variability of transparency measured for 15 years at 7 stations near the San Diego sewage outfall has been investigated and compared to the temporal variability of sewage suspended solid discharge and flow rate. the purpose of the time-series analyses was to distinguish natural from human (sewage discharge) causes of temporal changes in transparency. the results show that: 1) variations in transparency are highly correlated over the entire area, but there is a gradient in means and variability in the direction perpendicular to the coast; 2) there are no long term trends for increase or decrease in the water clarity at any of the stations; 3) most of the variance of transparency is contained in the seasonal frequency band; 4) over the same time period sewage discharge has significantly increased and suspended solids decreased; 5) most of the variance of these human-caused properties is in the interannual frequency band; (6) there is no correlation at any time-lag between water clarity and suspended solid discharge or flow. These results lead to the conclusion that these anthropogenic properties are not affecting transparency, while natural factors such as seasonality and distance from coast do.