海岸带土地开发利用及生态环境效应研究简述

海岸带土地利用变化是影响海岸带生态环境的一个重要方面,也是目前国内外学术界广为关注和研究的热点问题,研究海岸带土地利用变化及其对生态环境的影响对于了解区域的生态环境演变乃至全球变化具有重要意义。分析海岸带土地利用变化研究在全球变化研究中的地位,阐述海岸带地区土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究,对研究全球气候变化、海平面上升、陆地与海洋交互作用及由此引起的岸线变迁、入海营养盐和悬浮物及沉积物等物质通量变化、海岸带生物多样性、海岸带区域乃至整个全球C、N等物质总循环等都具有重要意义。基于以上研究,简述海岸带土地利用变化及其对生态环境影响研究进展,总结分析海岸带土地利用变化及环境效应影响研究目标和重点研究内容     

Re-thinking relationships between environmental attitudes and values for effective coastal natural resource management in Ghana

The coastal zone of Ghana is home to about a quarter of the total population of the country and its importance has been well emphasised in policy documents, such as the Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda, the National Climate Change Policy as well as the National Environmental Policy. However, environmental degradation remains a critical issue as dependence on coastal natural resources continues to increase, and its effect is being felt more strongly by certain groups than others. This paper identifies women as key stakeholders, and through an empirical assessment highlights the need to factor their environmental attitudes and values into efforts to manage the coast in an integrated manner. The results show that respondents generally had positive environmental attitudes, which did not translate to good environmental behaviour. Respondents placed the greatest importance on the coastal natural resources as sources of wealth creation and of food, values which are often described as being “anthropocentric”. Hence, initiatives that could win the support of the local people and also help manage coastal resources effectively are those that link the livelihoods and well-being to coastal natural resource management.     

基于景观格局的盐城海岸带土地利用时空变化分析

在GIS和RS技术支持下,以行政区划为评价单元,通过土地利用转移矩阵、景观格局指数对盐城海岸带土地利用变化的主要方式、景观格局特征及时空分异规律进行定量分析。结果表明:2000~2010年,盐城海岸带土地利用类型以耕地、建设用地和水域为主,其中耕地是盐城海岸带的优势类型,虽然近年来呈逐渐下降的趋势,但仍是区域景观基质类型,均占总面积的78%以上;海岸带景观水平趋于破碎化,区域景观格局更加复杂化、分散化和多样化;研究区北部景观水平特征指数较中部、南部为高。自然地理条件、经济发展水平及不同土地利用方式所带来的利益差异是导致盐城海岸带景观格局变化的关键驱动因素。     

舟山近岸海域贝类中有机氯农药残留水平及人体健康风险评估

于2012年的7月在舟山群岛新区的海域采集贝类样本,测定了其中的有机氯农药残留量,并进行了人体健康风险评估和安全食用量推算。结果表明,采集的5种贝类样本中,六六六(BHCs)的各组分均未被检出,而滴滴涕(DDTs)在各种样本中均有检出,其中僧帽牡蛎和部分縊蛏样本中DDTs总量超过《海洋生物质量标准》(GB 18421—2001)一类标准(10μg/kg);健康风险评估结果显示,贝类样本中α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、p,p’-滴滴伊(p,p’-DDE)、p,p’-滴滴滴(p,p’-DDD)、p,p’-DDT的总致癌风险指数均低于10-4,致癌风险均在可接受的安全范围,α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、p,p’-DDE的总接触风险指数均小于1,接触风险指数未超过危害剂量参考值,人体食用舟山近岸海域的贝类是安全的;按可接受的致癌风险指数进行评估,人体的贝类安全消费量为9.8~138.0g/(kg·d)(按体重计,下同),而按可接受的接触风险指数进行评估,人体的贝类安全消费量在24.6~235.0g/(kg·d)。     

论我国滨海湿地综合性法律调整机制的构建

滨海湿地是我国湿地的重要组成部分,具有多种生态功能。随着风险社会的到来,各种开发利用行为造成滨海湿地严重的环境资源问题,滨海湿地的保护管理和法制建设成为当务之急。法律调整机制是应对滨海湿地问题的各类调整机制中最重要的部分,但我国现行法律调整机制无法有效解决滨海湿地利用中的“公地悲剧”和利益平衡问题,应该根据社会发展的需要,采取行政调整、市场调整和社会调整相结合的综合性法律调整机制。环境治理理论的兴起和我国第三部门的发展为滨海湿地综合性法律调整机制的构建提供了理论依据和社会基础,应该通过发展滨海湿地区域的环保产业、建立生态补偿制度、完善公众参与环境影响评价的途径、构建滨海湿地的社区共管模式,综合运用行政指导、经济激励、公众参与等各种法律手段完善我国滨海湿地的保护管理     

Assessing community vulnerability to floods and hurricanes along the Gulf Coast of the United States

Hurricanes and flooding have affected millions of people and generated massive economic losses over the past several decades. Geographic information system (GIS) methods are employed in this paper to analyse coastal communities' vulnerability to these two hazards along the Gulf Coast of the United States. Specifically, two types of quantitative indicators are developed: (i) exposure to hurricanes and flooding, based on information from multiple sources; and a social vulnerability index, constructed using census data. These indices are combined to depict the spatial patterns of overall community vulnerability to hurricanes and flooding along the US Gulf Coast. The results of this study can potentially inform disaster management agencies, county governments, and municipalities in areas at heightened risk. Furthermore, the demonstration of the geographic distribution of community vulnerability can assist decision-makers in prioritising to-do items and designing policies and plans for the more effective allocation of resources. The paper ends by discussing the study's limitations and its practical implications.     

EFFECTS OF INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION ON STREAM DISCHARGE FROM RHODE RIVER SUBWATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between precipitation at the seasonal and annual scale and water discharge per surface area for seven contiguous first - and second-order tributaries of the Rhode River, a small tidal tributary to Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. The goal was to quantify the effects of a wide range of precipitation, representative of inter-annual variations in weather in this region. The discharges measured included both overland storm flows and groundwater, since the aquifers were perched on a clay aquiclude. Precipitation varied from 824 to 1684 mm/yr and area-weighted Rhode River watershed discharge varied from 130 to 669 mm/yr with an average of 332 mm/yr or 29.1 percent of average precipitation. Average annual dis. charges from three first-order watersheds were significantly lower per surface area and varied from 16.0 to 21.9 percent of precipitation. Winter season precipitation varied from 125 to 541 mm. Area-weighted Rhode River winter discharge varied from 26.3 to 230 mm with an average of 115 mm or 43.9 percent of average precipitation. Spring season precipitation varied from 124 to 510 mm and watershed discharge varied from 40.0 to 321 mm with an average of 138 mm or 46.9 percent of average precipitation. In the summer and fall seasons, watershed discharge averaged 40.6 and 40.9 mm or 13.5 and 14.3 percent of average precipitation, respectively. Except in winter, the proportion of precipitation discharged in the streams increased rapidly with increasing volume of precipitation. Stream order showed a higher correlation with volume of discharge than vegetative cover on the watershed.     

海南洋浦经济开发区的环境背景与面临的问题

总结归纳了洋浦经济开发区的地质地貌、海洋、大气和生态环境背景条件,分析了开发区当前存在与面临的主要环境问题,并提出环境控制怀保护原则性的措施。     

Comparison of Chemical Concentrations in Mussels and Oysters from the United States and France

Results from two 'Mussel Watch'-type monitoring programs were compared: the Réseau National d'Observation de la qualité du milieu marin (RNO), the French monitoring network, and the Mussel Watch Project of the U.S. National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program. 80 RNO sites (47 for mussels and 33 for oysters) and 89 NS&T sites (45 for mussels and 44 for oysters) provided a basis for the comparison of median concentrations of commonly measured trace metals (mercury, lead, zinc, cadmium and copper) and organic chemicals. Lower lead and lindane concentrations in the U.S. were explained by their respective history of use. Differences in Zn and Cu, essential elements for both mussels and oysters, could be due to specific internal regulation processes. Higher cadmium concentrations in the U.S. are possibly related to U.S. coastal areas being richer in nutrients or to a lesser use of this element as a general anticorrosive in France. We could not find any plausible explanation for higher mercury concentrations in France. This first attempt of a comparison of national chemical monitoring programs raises the need for deeper understanding of possible contamination sources.     

中国海岸湿地环境特点与开发利用

海岸湿地是由低地、滩涂与生物群落组合的海岸环境。中国海岸湿地环境受季风波浪、潮汐与大河影响的河海交互作用为特征,地跨39个纬度带,其面积约占中国湿地总面积的1/5。按成因与表相可分为：河口芦苇、草滩湿地,平原海岸草滩盐沼湿地及在华南隐蔽港湾顶部红树林沼泽湿地3种类型。均具有潮上带、潮间带与潮下带分带特性。海岸湿地是珍贵的新生空间资源,但由于滥伐垦殖、外来生物种属入侵危害、陆源水沙减少及海平面上升招致海岸侵蚀、盐潮入侵与内涝频繁等灾害影响,海岸湿地环境质量下降,面临着解决海岸湿地生态保护与沿海人民生计这一新生矛盾问题。需沿流域进行陆海结合的系统研究与对比总结,找出湿地保护与开发的临界度,全面规划实施。