径向基函数网络模型在区域生态承载能力综合评价中的应用

径向基函数神经网络以其逼近能力、分类能力和学习速度等方面的优势,正受到越来越多学者的关注.本文尝试用MATLAB径向基函数网络工具进行区域生态承载能力的综合评价,给出了MATLAB6.5环境下径向基函数神经网络的结构、设计、仿真和图形结果的输出方法.作为实例,对盐城滨海湿地区域的生态承载能力进行了综合评价.结果表明,MATLAB径向基函数网络评价方法简单有效,既具有较强的分类功能,又具有较好的排序功能,评价结果可靠、适用性强,具有广阔的应用前景.     

IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ON NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS IN SMALL SOUTHEASTERN COASTAL STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Coastal watersheds in the southeastern United States are rapidly changing due to population growth and attendant increases in residential development, industry, and tourism related commerce. This research examined spatial and temporal patterns of nutrient concentrations in streams from 10 small watersheds (< 4 km²) that drain into Murrells Inlet (impacted) and North Inlet (pristine), two high salinity estuaries along the South Carolina coast. Monthly grab samples were collected during baseflow during 1999 and analyzed for total and dissolved inorganic and organic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. Data were grouped into forested wetland creeks (representing predevelopment reference sites), urban creeks, and urban ponds. DON and NH4 concentrations were greater in forested streams than in urban streams. NO3 and TP concentrations were greatest in urban streams. Seasonally, concentrations were highest during summer for TN, NH4, DON, and TP, while NO3 concentrations were greatest during winter. Nutrient ratios clearly highlighted the reduction in organic nitrogen due to coastal development. Multiple regression models to predict instream nutrient concentrations from land use in Murrells Inlet suggest that effects are not significant (small r²). The findings indicate that broad land use/land cover classes cannot be used to predict nutrient concentrations in streams in the very small watersheds in our study areas.     

论我国海岸带立法的核心内容

2018年11月18日发布的《中共中央国务院关于建立更加有效的区域协调发展新机制的意见》明确提出了"推动海岸带管理立法"的工作要求。该工作的重心理应是解决目前我国海岸带管理实践中的突出问题，即陆海之间、部门行业之间和行政辖区之间难以统筹协调的问题。解决该问题的有效途径是通过立法的方式构建统筹协调机制。美国海岸带管理制度中的统筹协调机制颇具特色，由"总协调人"和"联络人"制度、"联邦一致性"制度、州海岸带管理项目与州其他项目的统筹协调制度，以及陆海统筹协调制度等方面组成。我国可以借鉴其成功经验，在海岸带立法中，以构建统筹协调机制为核心内容。该机制以程序性规则为主体，设立"总协调人"和"联络人"制度，组成统筹协调网络，并规定统筹协调的基本"排序规则"。     

Development of an Integrated Coastal Zone Management System for the Black and Caspian Seas

Six Black sea and five Caspian sea riparian countries began their way to modern managerial practice at their coasts in 1990s of the previous century. For five Black sea and four Caspian sea countries the time has coincided with launching complicated transitional period from socialism to market economy. The most important activities were carried out within framework of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea (CEP) Environmental Programs and resulted in National and Regional ICZM Reports (Coastal Profiles), ICZM Networks, Transboundary Diagnostic Analyses, Strategic Action Plans. The international assistance in ICZM development in the regions is very important, but the large specificity of the regions and countries required and keeps demanding improvement of the approaches, methods, criteria for efficiency and practical significance of the international activities. The paper analyses heritage, current situation and possible prospects of ICZM development in the regions under consideration. During the last decade, important steps have been taken for the improvement of managerial process at the Black and Caspian seas countries coasts, but the clear need should be emphasized now to move from planning to implementation stage. Among the main findings of this stage are: ICZM is very difficult for real implementation and takes years, it needs proper understanding, and it has to be implemented using both top-down and bottom-up approaches, it has to be implemented using all possible tools and procedures. At the moment the use of sustainable development approaches to the coasts depends, in the first place, on social responsibility and vital motivation of certain key decision-makers, especially at provincial and local levels. Meanwhile, two recent events: (a) new activity in the Black sea region initiated by EU, and (b) launching of the long-waited CEP second phase – produce real infrastructural opportunities for moving forward.     

Governance across the land-sea interface: A systematic review

Governance across the land-sea interface is an emerging challenge. The propensity for, and intensity of social-ecological interactions across this interface (e.g., eutrophication, sedimentation) are being exacerbated by cross-system threats (e.g., climate change). We draw on a systematic review of 151 peer-reviewed papers on governance and land-sea connections to (1) outline the current state of the literature, (2) examine the predominance of different approaches to address land-sea interactions, (3) characterize how governance is conceptualized within these approaches, (4) investigate governance challenges, and (5) provide insights into effective governance. The review finds that the number of relevant papers published per year has generally been increasing, and most of these papers are found in interdisciplinary journals. Ecosystem-based management is the most predominant approach found in the literature as a means to address land-sea interactions. Papers referring to ecosystem-based management are more likely than those referring to alternative management approaches (e.g., integrated management) to highlight science-policy integration and the need to account for interactions between ecosystem components as elements of effective governance. The main governance challenges include determining boundaries, addressing cross-scale effects, and accessing knowledge. However, few empirical studies of governance across the land-sea interface have been completed. A richer conceptual framework of governance is required to improve our ability to navigate the rapid social and environmental change occurring across the land-sea interface.     

Influence of a Large Herbivore Reintroduction on Plant Invasions and Community Composition in a California Grassland

Abstract:  Despite many successful reintroductions of large mammalian herbivores throughout the world, remarkably little attention has focused on how these actions affect native and exotic vegetation at reintroduction sites. One such herbivore is tule elk ( Cervus elaphus nannodes ), which was on the brink of extinction in the mid 1800s, but now has numerous stable populations due to intensive reintroduction efforts. Here, we summarize results from a 5-year exclosure experiment that explored the effects of tule elk on a coastal grassland in northern California. Elk significantly altered the species composition of this community; the response of annual species (dominated heavily by exotic taxa) was dramatically different from perennial species. Elk herbivory increased the abundance and aboveground biomass of native and exotic annuals, whereas it either had no effect on or caused significant decreases in perennials. Elk also decreased the cover of native shrubs, suggesting that these herbivores play an important role in maintaining open grasslands. In addition, elk significantly reduced the abundance and biomass of a highly invasive exotic grass , Holcus lanatus, which is a major problem in mesic perennial grasslands. Our results demonstrate that the successful reintroduction of a charismatic and long-extirpated mammal had extremely complex effects on the plant community, giving rise to both desirable and undesirable outcomes from a management perspective. We suspect that these kinds of opposing effects are not unique to tule elk and that land managers will frequently encounter them when dealing with reintroduced mammals.     

北部湾沿海地区植被覆盖对气温和降水的旬响应特征

论文分析北部湾沿海地区植被覆盖对气候变化的响应,为该区域植被恢复和植被生产力研究提供依据.基于研究区2000--2011年423景SPOT-VEGETATION逐旬NDVI数据及逐日气温和降水数据,利用像元二分模型,相关分析,偏相关分析和时滞偏相关分析等数理统计方法,对研究区植被覆盖时空变化特征及与旬降水和旬均温的相关性及滞后性进行分析.结果表明:1)近12 a来,北部湾沿海地区植被覆盖度平均值呈增长趋势,由2000年的65.23%增加到2011年的72.02%,增加了6.79%;2)研究区植被生长季旬NDVI均值介于0.21~0.67之间,在不同时期变化是不同的,其值呈现出"降低--增长--降低"3种变化过程;3)各种植被类型与温度具有显著的相关关系,全部通过了0.01的显著性水平,且NDVI与温度的显著性水平高于NDVI与降水的显著性水平,说明北部湾沿海地区植被覆盖NDVI对气象因子中的温度更为敏感;4)NDVI与气温的时滞偏相关系数显著高于NDVI与降水的时滞偏相关系数,旬NDVI与旬降水的滞后时间多集中于6~9旬之间,而旬NDVI与旬气温的滞后时间多以0~5旬为主;5)不同类型植被的生长对气温和降水的响应时间不一致,但与水热条件时滞偏相关系数越高的植被类型响应时间越短.上述研究结果表明,近12 a来北部湾沿海地区植被处于恢复状态,且植被对降水和气温具有明显的阈值和滞后性.     

不同干扰强度对滩涂围垦区土壤颗粒组成的时空分异特征的影响

滩涂是陆地与海洋间重要的生态交错带以及生态系统之一,随着沿海地区经济的发展,滩涂围垦成为缓解区域土地利用压力的重要途径之一。论文通过对不同围垦年限以及不同人类干扰强度下土壤粒径分布（Particle Size Distribution）的时空差异研究,比较了自然演变和人类活动双重影响下,垦区环境的变化过程及影响因素。结果表明：1）在60 a的围垦过程中,在强烈、中度和无人类干扰强度下,土壤粒径分布均表现出在脱盐过程中随围垦年限增加而砂粒减少、粉粒和粘粒增加的过程,脱盐后砂粒的年均下降率可达0.72%;2）在无干扰强度下,土壤粒径分布反映出滩涂围垦和脱离海水影响的自然过程,而强烈和中度干扰强度则在此基础上反映出人为和自然干扰的综合效果;3）耕种方式、时间以及土壤侵蚀等因素均会对土壤粒径分布的变化强度造成影响而表现出显著的空间差异性;4）土壤粒径的时空分布可以综合反映出滩涂围垦区的环境特点,对指导垦区内土地资源的合理开发利用具有重要意义。在长期的围垦过程中,不同的开发利用时间及区位表现出了不同的关键影响因素,使垦区内土地利用格局和资源配置仍存在诸多不合理之处,随之带来相应的环境问题必须引起重视,为未来滩涂围垦区的合理规划提供理论依据。     

苏北滨海滩涂区土壤重金属含量及其时空变异研究

以苏北沿海某滩涂区为研究区,采用经典统计与地统计相结合的方法总结出2009年和2014年表层土壤Pb、Cr、Cd、As四种元素的含量,分析了土地利用方式对重金属含量影响以及重金属空间分布与时空变异.结果表明:滩涂区土壤4种元素含量基本都低于土壤环境质量一级标准值; 2009~2014年的5a间,研究区土壤Cd含量发生显著累积,居民区土壤Pb含量显著增加,工业园区土壤Pb、Cd亦显著累积,各土地利用方式下土壤Cr、As含量变化不显著;受大尺度的潮汐沉积作用与小尺度的人为活动共同控制,两个时期Pb、Cr含量分布具有空间相似性,而Cd、As含量空间分布差异较大;不同土地利用方式下研究区土壤重金属的累积具有变异性和明显的趋势效应,大气沉降是除了土地利用方式以外影响重金属时空变异格局的重要途径.该沿海滩涂区正面临土壤重金属不断累积的问题,应加强监控与源头减量,优化产业布局,推进过程阻断与生态修复.     

Marsh Sensitivity to Burning of Applied Crude Oil

This research note summarizes Spartina alterniflora and Sagittaria lancifolia sensitivity to oiling and in situ burning of applied oil. Experimental plots (2.4 m × 2.4 m × 0.6 m) were constructed in salt and freshwater marsh habitats and South Louisiana Crude (SLC) applied (2 l m⁻²) to stems and leaves of marsh plants of oil and oil/burn treatment plots. Burning was initiated mid-August when winds were calm and a 15-25 cm floodwater layer covered the marsh substrate. Vegetative responses (stem density, height, carbon assimilation and biomass production) were measured for approximately one year following the in situ burns. Application of oil and burning of SLC only had short-term detrimental effects on salt and freshwater marsh vegetation. About one year after burns, vegetative responses measured in oiled and oiled/burned plots approached or exceeded control (no oil or burn) values. Field results suggest, under our experimental conditions, in situ burning of spilled oil in S. alterniflora and S. lancifolia marshes may be a remediation operation to consider.